CS344-321 Assembly Language Programming Appendix Page

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CS344-321 Assembly Language Programming Appendix page

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Appendix A

Assembler and Linker

This course you can use any of the following software:

MicroSoft version 3.0

ASSEMBLER : MASM.EXE

LINKER : LINK.EXE

LIBRARY MANAGEMENT : LIB.EXE

UTILITY : EXE2BIN.COM

Borland version 4.1

ASSEMBLER : TASM.EXE

LINKER : TLINK.EXE

Public Domain (Arrow Soft) arrowsof.zip

ASSEMBLER : ASM.EXE

LINKER : VAL.EXE

UTILITY : X2B.COM

Assembling A Program

Method 1: assembling without a command line, just enter the assembler name:

MASM ASM

Source filename [.ASM]:Input filename [.asm]:

Object filename [filename.OBJ]:Object filename [filename.obj]:

Source listing [NUL.LST]:Source listing [NUL.lst]:

Cross reference [NUL.CRF]:Cross reference [NUL.crf]:

Press Enter if you don’t want to output cross reference file, otherwise enter

[drive:]name [.extension]

Press Enter if you don’t want to output listing file, otherwise enter

[drive:]name [.extension]

Press Enter if you want object file name as shown, otherwise enter

[drive:]name [.extension]

Enter only name of source or input filename if the extension is .asm, otherwise enter

[drive:] name [.extension]

Method 2: assembling with a command line:

The general format for using a command line to assemble is

masm/tasm/asm [options] source [, [object] ][, [listing] ][, [crossref] ] [;]

There are many options (see manual for more information), we will discuss some of them:

/MX Make public and external names case sensitive.

/ML Make all names case sensitive.

/MU Convert all names to uppercase.

Assume source file name is test.asm.

Example 1.

masm test,test,test,test or masm test, , , ; or masm test,,,,

will produce test.obj, test.lst, test.crf.

Example 2.

masm test,test,test; or masm test, ,test;

will produce test.obj, test.lst.

Example 3.

masm test;

will produce only test.obj.

Example 4.

masm /MX test;

Linking a Program

Method 1: liking without a command line, just enter the linker name:

LINK VAL

Object Modules [.OBJ]:OBJ file(s):

RUN File [filename.EXE]: EXE file [filename.exe]:

List File [NUL.MAP]:LST file:

Libraries [.LIB]: LIB files:

Note! If there are more than one object modules use + e.g. test1.obj+test2.obj. It is the same for libraries.

Method 2: linking with a command line:

The general format for using a command line to link is

link/tlink/val [options] objfile, exefile [, [mapfile] ][, [libraryfile] ] [;]

There are many options (see manual for more information).

Example 1. no library

link test,test,test; or link test, , ;

will produce test.exe, test.map

Example 2. There are two object files, test1.obj, test2.obj and no library.

link test1+test2,test;

will produce test.exe.

Example 3. There are two object files, test1.obj, test2.obj and one library, mylib.lib.

link test1+test2,test,,mylib

will produce test.exe, test.map.

Example 4. There are two object files, test1.obj, test2.obj and two libraries, mylib1.lib, mylib2.lib.

link test1+test2,test,,mylib1+mylib2

will produce test.exe, test.map.

Convert .EXE to .COM

exe2bin/x2b test.exe test.com

or

use option /t of tlink at linking time, e.g. tlink /t test;

Make a library

Example 1. To create a new library name mylib and insert test.obj,

lib

Library name: mylib

Library does not exist. Create? y

operations: test

List file:

Example 2. To insert test1.obj and delete test.obj in mylib.lib and make as a new library nmylib.lib.

lib

Library name: mylib

operations: test1-test

List file:

Output Library: nmylib

Note! you may use +objfile to add and –objfile to delete

Appendix B

Reserve Words

Register Names

AH CH DL EDI GS

AL CL DS EDX IP

AX CS DX EIP SI

BH CX EAX ES SP

BL DH EBP ES SS

BP DI EBX ESI

BX DI ECX FS

Symbolic Instructions

AAA ARPL CDQ CMPSn ESC

AAD BOUND CLC CWDn HLT

AAM BSF CLD DAA IDIV

AAS BSR CLI DAS IMUL

ADC BTn CLTS DEC IN

ADD CALL CMC DIV INC

AND CBW CMP ENTER INSw

INT JNLE LOCK POPAD SCASn

INTO JNO LODSn POPF SETnn

IRET JNP LOOP POPFD SGDT

JA JNS LOOPE PUSH SHL

JAE JNZ LOOPNE PUSHAD SHLD

JB JO LOOPNZ PUSHF SHR

JBE JP LOOPZ PUSHFD SHRD

JCXZ JPE LSL RCL SIDT

JE JPO LSS RCR SLDT

JECXZ JS LSS REN SMSW

JG JZ LTR REP STC

JGE LAHF MOV REPE STD

JL LAR MOVSn REPNE STI

JLE LDS MOVSX REPNZ STOSn

JMP LEA MOVZX REPZ STR

JNA LEAVE MUL RET SUB

JNAE LES NEG RETF TEST

JNB LFS NOP ROL VERR

JNBE LGDT NOT ROR VERRW

JNE LGS OR SAHF WAIT

JNG LIDT OUTn SAL XCHG

JNGE LLDT POP SAR XLAT

JNL LMSW POPA SBB XOR

Directives

ALIGN ENDIF IFIDN PUBLIC

.ALPHA ENDM IFNB PURGE

ASSUME ENDP IFNDEF .RADIX

.CODE ENDS INCLUDE RECORD

COMM EQU INCLUDELIB REPT

COMMENT .ERRnn IRP .SALL

.CONST EVEN IRPC SEGMENT

.CREF EXITM LABEL .SEQ

.DATA EXTRN .LALL .SFCOND

.DATA? .FARDATA .LFCOND .STACK

DB .FARDATA? .LIST STRUC

DD GROUP LOCAL SUBTTL

DF IF MACRO .TFCOND

DOSSEG IFI .MODEL TITLE

DQ IF2 NAME .XALL

DT IFB ORG .XCREF

DW IFDEF OUT .XLIST

ELSE IFDIF PAGE

END IFE PROC

Operators

AND HIGH NEAR SHR

BYTE LE NOT SIZE

COMMENT LENGTH NOTHING STACK

CON LINE OFFSET THIS

DUP LOW OR TYPE

EQ LT PTR WIDTH

FAR MASK SEG WORD

GE MOD SHL XOR

GT NE SHORT

Appendix C

8086/8088 Mnemonic

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mnemonicชื่อเต็มmnemonicชื่อเต็ม

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AAAASCII adjust for additionJNAEJump on not above or equal

AADASCII adjust for divisionJNBJump on not below

AAMASCII adjust for multiplicationJNBEJump on not below or equal

AASASCII adjust for subtractionJNCJump on not carry

ADCAdd with carryJNEJump on not equal

ADDAddJNGJump on not greater

ANDANDJNGEJump on not greater or equal

CALLCALLJNLJump on not less than

CBWConvert byte to wordJNLEJump on not less than or equal

CLCClear carry flagJNOJump on not overflow

CLDClear direction flagJNPJump on not parity

CLIClear interrupt flagJNSJon not sign

CMCComplement carry flagJNZJump on not zero

CMPCompareJOJump on overflow

CMPSCompare byte or word (of string)JPJump on parity

CMPSBCompare byte stringJPEJump on parity even

CMPSWCompare word stringJPOJump on parity odd

CWDConvert word to double wordJSJump on sign

DAADecimal adjust for additionJZJump on zero

DASDecimal adjust for subtractionLAHFLoad AH with flags

DECDecrementLDSLoad pointer into DS

DIVDivideLEALoad effective address

ESCEscapeLESLoad pointer into ES

HLTHaltLOCKLOCK bus

IDIVInteger divideLODSLoad byte or word (of string)

IMULInteger multiplyLODSBLoad byte (string)

INInput byte or wordLOADSW Load word (string)

INCIncrementLOOPLOOP

INTInterruptLOOPELOOP while equal

INTOInterrupt on overflowLOOPNELOOP while not equal

IRETInterrupt returnLOOPNZLOOP while not zero

JAJump on aboveLOOPZLOOP while zero

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mnemonicชื่อเต็มmnemonicชื่อเต็ม

______JBE JAE Jump on above or equal MOV Move

JBJump on belowMOVSMove byte or word (of string)

JBEJump on below or equalMOVSBMove byte (string)

JCJump on carryMOVSWMove word (string)

JCXCJump on CX zeroMULMultiply

JEJump on equalNEGNegate

JGJump on greaterNOPNo operation

JGEJump on greater or equalNOTNOT

JLJump on less thanOROR

JLEJump on less than or equalOUTOutput byte or word

JMPJumpPOPPOP

JNAJump on not abovePOPFPOP flags

PUSHPUSHSHLShift left

PUSHFPUSH flagsSHRShift right

RCLRotate through carry leftSTCSet carry flag

RCRRotate through rightSTDSet direction flag

REPRepeatSTISet interrupt flag

RETReturnSTOSStore byte or word (of string)

ROLRotate leftSTOSBStore Byte (string)

RORRotate rightSTOSWStore word (string)

SAHFStore AH into flagsSUBSubtract

SALShift arithmetic leftTESTTEST

SARShift arithmetic rightWAITWAIT

ABBSubtract with borrowXCHGExchange

SCASScan byte or word (of string)XLATTranslate

SCASBScan byte (string)XORExclusive OR

SCASWScan word (string)

Appendix D

ASCII Code

7 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

Bit 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

positions 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

4 3 2 1

0 0 0 0 NUL DLE SP 0 @ P \ p

0 0 0 1 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q

0 0 1 0 STX DC2 “ 2 B R b R

0 0 1 1 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s

0 1 0 0 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t

0 1 0 1 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u

0 1 1 0 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v

0 1 1 1 BEL ETB ‘ 7 G W g w

1 0 0 0 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x

1 0 0 1 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y

1 0 1 0 LF SUB * : J Z j z

1 0 1 1 VT ESC + ; K [ k {

1 1 0 0 FF FS , < L \ l |

1 1 0 1 CR GS - = M ] m }

1 1 1 0 SO RS . > N ^ n ~

1 1 1 1 SI US / ? O _ o DEL

ตารางข้างบนแทนอักขระรหัสตั้งแต่00000000 ถึง01111111 ถ้าต้องการใช้ทั้ง8 บิตรหัสตั้งแต่10000000 ถึง11111111 จะแทนอักขระพิเศษเช่นใช้แทนอักขระภาษาไทยเป็นต้น

อักขระที่เป็นprintable character ได้แก่อักขระตั้งแต่SP (00100000) ถึง~ (0111110) นอกนั้นจะเป็นอักขระที่ใช้ควบคุมเช่นCR ใช้แทนการสิ้นสุดบรรทัดของระบบปฏิบัติการUnix หรือCR กับLFแทนการสิ้นสุดบรรทัดของระบบปฏิบัติการDOS เป็นต้น

ASCII Code

เลขฐานสิบหกตัวหน้า

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 NUL DLE SP 0 @ P \ p

เลขฐาน 1 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q

สิบหก 2 STX DC2 “ 2 B R b R

ตัวหลัง 3 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s

4 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t

5 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u

6 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v

7 BEL ETB ‘ 7 G W g w

8 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x

9 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y

A LF SUB * : J Z j z

B VT ESC + ; K [ k {

C FF FS , < L \ l |

D CR GS - = M ] m }

E SO RS . > N ^ n ~

F SI US / ? O _ o DEL

เช่น อักขระ0 แทนด้วยรหัสASCII เลขฐานสิบหก30

อักขระ1 แทนด้วยรหัสASCII เลขฐานสิบหก31

อักขระA แทนด้วยรหัสASCII เลขฐานสิบหก41

อักขระa แทนด้วยรหัสASCII เลขฐานสิบหก61

อักขระSP หรือblank แทนด้วยรหัสASCII เลขฐานสิบหก02

อักขระCR แทนด้วยรหัสASCII เลขฐานสิบหก0D

อักขระLF แทนด้วยรหัสASCII เลขฐานสิบหก0A

อักขระBEL หรือbeep แทนด้วยรหัสASCII เลขฐานสิบหก07

เป็นต้น

Computer Science, Prince of Songkhla University