SUMMARY 摘要
1. Since its previous Trade Policy Review in 2013, Brazil's largely domestic demand-driven economy slowed down and entered a severe recession in 2015‑16, triggered by deteriorating terms of trade and exacerbated by a bout of political uncertainty. Annual GDP growth dropped from 3% in 2013 to 0.9% in 2014 and then turned negative in 2015 and 2016 with consumption and gross fixed capital formation following a similar trend. The recession, one of the most severe in Brazil's history, has been accompanied by a steep rise in inflation (8.7% in 2016) and unemployment (11.3% in 2016) as well as fiscal discipline challenges. While the Brazilian financial system was not significantly impacted by the economic downturn, domestic lending became more cautious and borrower demand decreased. 自2013年上次贸易政策审议以来，巴西主要依靠国内需求拉动的经济增速有所放缓，并在2015-2016年进入严重衰退时期，这一衰退是由于贸易条件恶化而引发的，并因一轮政治不确定性而加剧。年GDP增长从2013年的3%下降到2014年的0.9%，随后在2015年和2016年转为负值，消费和固定资本形成总额也呈类似趋势。此次经济衰退是巴西历史上最为严重的一次，与此同时，通货膨胀率和失业率也急剧上升，前者在2016年的数据为8.7%，后者则为11.3%，财政纪律面临挑战。虽然巴西的金融系统未受到经济衰退的严重影响，但国内贷款业务变得更加谨慎，借款企业的需求也有所减少。
2. During the review period, trade and trade-related reform initiatives aimed at buttressing growth were undertaken in several areas, including in trade facilitation, anti-dumping, production and trade incentives (e.g., SME support), state-owned enterprises, energy, manufacturing, transport infrastructure, and more are under consideration. Monetary policy interventions were calibrated to contain inflation, which remained at the upper limit of the tolerance range established by the Central Bank of Brazil (BCB) during most of the period under review. The easing of inflationary pressures since October 2016 has enabled the BCB to progressively cut its policy rate from a peak of 14.15%, which should help rekindle growth. The BCB has not sought to influence the exchange rate, limiting its currency market interventions to containing excessive short-term volatility. During 2013-15, the real depreciated by around 20% in real effective terms, moving towards levels more consistent with fundamentals, but appreciated by around 6% in 2016. 审议期间，在包括贸易便利化、反倾销、生产和贸易奖励(如中小企业扶持)、国有企业、能源、制造业、运输基础设施等在内的若干领域实行了旨在促进增长的贸易和贸易改革措施。对货币政策干预措施进行了调整以遏制通货膨胀。在审议期间的大部分时间内，该通货膨胀仍保持在巴西中央银行(BCB)所确定的容忍范围之上限水平。自2016年10月以来，鉴于通胀压力有所缓解，巴西中央银行将政策利率从14.15%的峰值逐步下调，这将有助于重振经济增长。巴西中央银行并未试图影响汇率，而是通过限制其货币市场干预，遏制短期过度波动。2013-15年间，在实际有效条件下，实际贬值约20%，达到与基本面更加一致的水平，但2016年则升值约6%。
3. Fiscal policy has experienced difficulties responding to the severe economic downturn and public expenditure pressures arising from Brazil's demographic dynamics. As a result, the federal budget's primary balance registered widening deficits during 2014-16, interrupting a decade-long succession of surpluses. The downward trajectories of gross and net public sector debt were also reversed, with respective increases from 51.5% to 69.9% of GDP and from 30.5% to 46.2% of GDP between 2013 and 2016. The loss of investment grade in the last quarter of 2015 did not trigger much volatility in public debt management, due to low levels of exposure to foreign currencies and overseas investors. The authorities have taken steps towards fiscal consolidation, including measures to improve the management of public finances and state-controlled enterprises, and the adoption of a New Fiscal Regime in December 2016. Nevertheless, structural deficiencies, such as the complex and burdensome tax system, and federal and sub-federal budget rigidities, are yet to be addressed. 巴西的人口动态导致经济发生严重衰退，公共支出压力加大，财政政策面临困难。因此，联邦预算的主要平衡在2014-16年间的赤字有所扩大，从而结束了长达十年的财政盈余状况。公共部门的债务总额和净额的下降轨迹也发生逆转。2013年至2016年期间，公共部门债务总额从占国内生产总值的51.5％上升到69.9％，公共部门债务净额则从占国内生产总值的30.5％上升到46.2％。2015年第四季度的投资级别下降，但由于外债和海外投资者的风险水平偏低，公共债务管理的波动性不大。相关机构已采取措施进行财政整顿，包括实行提高公共财政和国有企业管理水平的措施，并在2016年12月通过新的财政制度。然而，结构性缺陷，例如复杂和负担沉重的税收制度，以及联邦和次级联邦的预算刚性仍未得到解决。
4. The Brazilian economy remains inward oriented, with aggregate two-way trade in goods and services representing about 25% of GDP throughout the review period. International trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) trends reflect the continued importance of the European Union as Brazil's main supplier and a key destination market, although in 2015 China became the single most important destination for Brazilian merchandise exports. Brazil continued to attract sizable FDI inflows, ranging between 2% and 3.3% of GDP, which fully financed the current account deficit in both 2015 and 2016. 巴西经济依然是内向型经济，在整个审议期间，其商品和服务业的双边贸易总额约占国内生产总值的25％。根据巴西国际贸易和外国直接投资（FDI）的趋势可以看出，作为巴西的主要供应商和重要目的地市场，欧盟的重要性依然不减，尽管中国在2015年成为巴西商品出口的唯一最重要目的地。巴西继续吸引大量外国直接投资流入，金额占国内生产总值比从2％至3.3％不等，完全覆盖了2015年和2016年的经常项目赤字。
5. Brazil remains open to and encourages inward FDI, which is prevalent across the economy. There are several sector-specific foreign ownership prohibitions (certain postal services, and nuclear energy) or limitations (e.g. air transport, financial institutions, health services, rural land acquisition, broadcasting and publishing media, fishing, mining, and hydrocarbons exploration). During the review period, certain healthcare services were further opened to FDI. In addition, a new model of investment agreements, built upon UNCTAD and OECD guidelines, was used to negotiate and sign a series of bilateral investment, promotion and protection treaties whose ratification is under way. 巴西依然开放和鼓励外国对巴直接投资，此类经济形式在巴西经济中十分盛行。但部分特定部门禁止（某些邮政服务和核能产业）或限制（例如空中运输、金融机构、医疗卫生服务、农村征地、出版和广播媒体、渔业、采矿和碳氢化合物勘探）外商投资。审议期间，某些医疗服务进一步对外国直接投资开放。此外，一种建立在联合国贸易和发展会议(UNCTAD)和经合组织(OECD)的指导方针之上的新型投资协定模式正在批准之中，该模式可用于磋商和签署一系列双向投资、推广和保护条约。
6. Since its last TPR in 2013, Brazil undertook several constitutional amendments including one related to curbing public spending growth. The institutional framework for trade policy formulation remained broadly unchanged except for the transfer of the Executive Secretariat of the Foreign Trade Board (CAMEX) from the Ministry of Industry, Foreign Trade and Services to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 自2013年上次审议以来，巴西实施了若干宪法修正案，其中一项涉及抑制公共开支的增长。除了将外贸理事会执行秘书处（CAMEX）从工业、外贸和服务部调整到外交部外，贸易政策制定的体制框架基本没有改变。
7. The overall thrust of Brazil's trade and trade-related policies has not changed during most of the period under review. Their stated trade and trade-related policy objectives have been those of integration into global value chains and raising the competitiveness of domestic products. Notwithstanding some adjustments, inter alia, due to the recent economic slowdown, its longstanding programmes aimed at fostering technological development, shielding certain domestic producers from external competition, attracting investment, and promoting and diversifying exports, remain relatively unchanged. 审议的大部分期间内，巴西贸易和贸易相关政策的总体推动力保持未变。这些贸易政策及贸易相关政策的目标是融入全球价值链，提高国内产品的竞争力。由于近期的经济衰退，其旨在促进技术发展、保护某些国内生产者免于外部竞争、吸引投资和推动出口并促进出口多样化的长期方案仍然相对不变，但也做出了一些调整。
8. Brazil remains committed to, and an active participant in, the multilateral trading system. During the review period, it improved its WTO commitments by ratifying the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) and depositing its instrument of acceptance of the Fifth Protocol on Financial Services. It now also grants preferential treatment to services and service suppliers from least developed countries (LDCs). During the review period, Brazil made many notifications to the WTO, though most of its trade agreements under the Latin America Integration Association (LAIA) have not yet been reviewed; according to the authorities, action is being taken to address this matter. Brazil was directly involved in seven WTO disputes, five as a complainant and two as a respondent. 巴西仍然积极参与并致力于多边贸易体系。审议期间，巴西通过批准《贸易便利化协定》(TFA)和交存《关于金融服务第五议定书》接受书，改善了对世贸组织的承诺。巴西目前还对最不发达国家的服务和服务供应商给予优惠待遇。审议期间，巴西向世贸组织进行了多次通报，不过巴西在拉丁美洲一体化协会（LAIA）下的大多数贸易协定尚未进行审议；据巴西当局称，其正在采取行动处理这一问题。巴西直接参与了7起世贸组织争端，在其中5起争端中为原告，2起争端中为被告。
9. While Brazil continues to work on strengthening regional economic integration through RTAs negotiated within the framework of the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) and the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA), it has also placed emphasis on RTAs negotiated with trading partners outside the region. During the review period, three agreements entered into force (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Guyana/Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Southern African Customs Union), four were concluded with their entry into force pending (Egypt, Colombia, Palestine, and Peru), and two (European Union, and Mexico) are still being negotiated. The lack of a common nomenclature for tariff preferences granted by Brazil under its RTAs undermines their comprehension and full utilization by traders; consequently, the share of aggregate preferential imports in Brazil's total imports remains rather modest, ranging between 13% and 14.5% during 2013-16. 尽管巴西继续致力于通过在南方共同市场（MERCOSUR）和拉丁美洲一体化协会（LAIA）框架内通过议定的区域贸易协定加强区域经济一体化，但同时也强调与区域以外贸易伙伴就区域贸易协定进行谈判的重要性。审议期间，有三项协定已生效（委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国、圭亚那/圣基茨和尼维斯以及南部非洲关税同盟），四项协定已达成但尚未生效（埃及、哥伦比亚、巴勒斯坦和秘鲁），两项协定（欧盟和墨西哥）仍在谈判中。巴西的区域贸易协定下缺乏统一的关税优惠制度，导致贸易商无法理解和充分利用其所制定的相关政策；因此，巴西总优惠进口额在进口总额中所占的份额仍然相对适中，在2013-16年期间的占比介于13%至14.5%之间。
10. No major regulatory reform was undertaken during the review period. The trade-related regulatory policy agenda remains strongly focused on procedural aspects within competent agencies, rather than on an overall simplification of the relatively complex regulatory system. Carrying out regulatory impact assessments (RIA) is not yet a consistent practice across the whole administration. Negative economic growth and fiscal scarcity brought the issue of improving the regulatory system to a strategic position in the policy agenda, so as to attract investment, raise competitiveness and create jobs. Brazil attaches importance to making laws transparent and readily accessible, including by foreigners; additional efforts have been undertaken to make trade and trade-related information available online. 审议期间，巴西未实行重大的监管改革。与贸易相关的监管政策议程仍然主要集中在主管机构内部流程方面，而不是对相对复杂的监管体系进行整体简化。整个管理体系尚未实施一贯的监管影响评估（RIA）。经济负增长和财政短缺使改善监管制度的问题占据政策议程的战略地位，从而吸引投资、提高竞争力和创造就业机会。巴西重视法律的透明性和亲民性，包括外国人在内的全体人员均纳入法律覆盖范围；已作出进一步努力在网上提供贸易及贸易相关的信息。
11. The tariff remains one of Brazil's main trade policy instruments, and a significant, albeit declining, source of tax revenue (3.6% of total fiscal revenue in 2016). Brazil applies the MERCOSUR Common External Tariff (CET), with some country‑specific derogations. It grants at least most-favoured-nation (MFN) tariff treatment to all trading partners. Brazil's 2017 applied MFN tariff is entirely ad valorem and comprises 19 bands, with rates ranging from zero to 55%. The simple average applied MFN tariff declined slightly from 11.7% in 2012 to 11.6% in 2017; for dutiable lines, the decline was from 12.7% to 12.6%. During the review period, Brazil phased out the higher-than-CET rates introduced in 2012 on 100 tariff lines under a temporary MERCOSUR mechanism. 关税仍然是巴西的主要贸易政策手段之一，也是2016年税收收入的重要来源（占2016年财政收入的3.6％），但此占比正在下降。巴西适用“南锥体共同市场共同对外关税”（CET），但针对特定国家实施克减。巴西向所有贸易伙伴至少提供最惠国（MFN）关税待遇。巴西2017年实行的最惠国关税完全是从价税，包括19个等级，税率从零到55％不等。简单平均适用的最惠国关税从2012年的11.7％略微下降到2017年的11.6％。应课税额则从12.7％下降至12.6％。审议期间，巴西根据临时南锥体共同市场机制，逐步淘汰了2012年提出的高于CET的100个关税细目。
12. Brazil bound its entire tariff during the Uruguay Round at rates between zero and 55% for agricultural products (WTO definition), and from zero to 35% for non-agricultural products. The gap between the average bound and applied rates is some 18.5 percentage points. Applied MFN rates on some 134 tariff lines (up from 120 in 2012) exceed, sometimes partially (due to differences in aggregation levels), Brazil's bindings, inter alia, due to CET commitments; in these cases the importer may request application of the bound rate. 在乌拉圭回合期间,巴西的全部关税限制为：农产品的关税介于0%至55%之间（WTO定义），非农产品的关税则介于0%至35%之间。平均限制和适用利率之间的差距约为18.5%。由于巴西所作出的CET承诺，大约有134个关税细目（与2012年的120个相比有所提高）适用的最惠国税率会在部分情况下（主要因汇总水平之间存在差异）超出巴西的限制；在此情况下，进口商可要求采取限制税率。
13. During the review period, in addition to ratifying the TFA, Brazil took steps to upgrade its single window and its authorized economic operator programme. Brazil maintains a system of automatic and non-automatic licences for imports of various products, regardless of their origin. At end-2016, imports classifiable under some 137 tariff lines were subject to automatic licensing, whereas imports subject to non-automatic licensing requirements spanned at least 5,460 tariff lines (more than half of Brazil's entire tariff). Import licences must be obtained prior to customs clearance; if non-automatic licensing requirements apply, importers are generally advised to obtain the licence before the goods are shipped. Non-automatic licensing is also used in the administration of duty and tax concessions, whereby imports must undergo a "similarity exam" to ascertain that no equivalent domestic production exists. 审议期间，除批准TFA外，巴西还采取措施改进其单一窗口和授权经济经营者方案。巴西针对各种进口产品采用自动和非自动许可证制度，无论产品产地在哪里。2016年底，约有137个关税细目的进口受自动许可证制约，而受非自动许可证制约的进口则至少跨越5460个关税细目（超过巴西全部关税细目的一半）。在清关前必须取得进口许可证；如果非自动许可要求适用，一般建议进口商在装运货物前取得许可证。非自动许可证也可用于关税和税收优惠的管理，因此进口必须进行“相似性检验”，以确定不存在相同的国内生产情况。
14. Brazil remains a significant user of trade remedies, particularly anti-dumping (AD) measures. During the period under review, 123 new AD investigations were initiated, and at 31 December 2016, 163 definitive AD measures were in place, covering a wide range of sectors. The regulatory framework for investigation and application of AD measures was amended in 2013 with a view to strengthening trade defence. The main innovations included: mandatory preliminary determinations; refinements to the definition of domestic industry; a lower industry representativeness threshold for the admissibility of AD investigation requests; retroactive application of AD duties; and formalization of on-site investigation procedures. As from end‑July 2015, administrative procedures relating to AD investigations have been carried out electronically. 巴西仍会使用大量的贸易补救措施，特别是反倾销措施。审议期间，发起了123项新的反倾销调查，2016年12月31日，制定了163项确定的反倾销措施，涵盖各行各业。2013年修订了关于反倾销措施调查和实施的监管框架，以加强贸易防御。主要的创新包括：强制性初步裁定；对国内行业定义进行细分；降低反倾销调查要求的行业代表性门槛；适用追溯性反倾销关税以及正式进行现场调查程序等。自2015年7月底起，有关反倾销调查的行政程序以电子方式进行。
15. Brazil's legal and institutional framework relating to the implementation and administration of the TBT Agreement remained broadly unchanged during the review period. Brazil's approach to granting equivalence remains based on the acceptance of test results, without explicit recognition of foreign technical regulations. Most technical regulations enacted in Brazil are based on international or MERCOSUR standards; whenever this is not the case, they are based on performance criteria. Proposed technical regulations deemed to have trade effects are forwarded to the WTO for Members' comments; during the review period, most such notifications were made less than 60 days before entry into force. 审议期间，巴西与执行和管理《技术性贸易壁垒协定》相关的法律和体制框架大致保持不变。巴西授予同等地位的方法仍然基于测试结果的验收情况，而并未明确承认外国技术法规。巴西制定的大多数技术法规都是基于国际标准或南方共同市场标准；如果不属于这两种情况，则以性能标准为基础。将被视为具有贸易影响的拟议技术条例提交给世贸组织成员征求意见；审议期间，大多数此类通报是在生效前60天内作出的。
16. Brazil's sanitary and phytosanitary system is based on risk analysis which generally takes account of import origin and product characteristics. The conclusions of pest risk analyses are notified, as a draft for comments, to the pertinent authority of the country of origin and to the WTO. Brazil maintains an Importation Alert Regime (RAI) targeting foreign establishments whose shipments of animal products have been found to be non-compliant with Brazilian SPS requirements. 巴西的卫生和植物检疫制度基于风险分析，通常会对进口来源和产品特性进行考量。有害生物风险分析的结论将作为征求意见稿通报原产国和世贸组织相关机构。对于运输的动物产品不符合巴西实施动植物检疫措施协定(SPS)要求的外国机构，巴西继续采用进口警报制度（RAI）。
17. Export taxes remain in place for raw hides and skins, cigarettes, and arms and ammunition. Brazil maintains a number of programmes intended to enhance the competitiveness of export‑oriented companies, in particular small-scale enterprises, and to increase exports. A number of finance, insurance, and guarantee schemes offering attractive interest rates and other conditions are available to exporters. Among the main instruments are the Export Financing Programme (PROEX) and the export credit schemes under the BNDES-EXIM programme. The latter is geared towards promoting exports with local value added, and the stated conditions for participation often include domestic-content/production thresholds. According to the Brazilian authorities, these conditions only apply to securing automatic eligibility for financing. 对于生皮、香烟、武器和弹药等商品，仍需缴纳出口税。巴西保留了一些旨在提高出口导向型公司（尤其是小公司）的竞争力并增加出口的方案。出口商可获得若干提供优惠利率和其他条件的金融、保险和担保计划。主要的工具包括出口融资方案(PROEX)和BNDES-EXIM方案下的出口信贷方案。后者旨在促进具有当地附加值产品的出口，而参与的条件往往包括国内含量/生产阈值。据巴西当局称，这些条件只适用于确保自动获得融资资格。
18. Brazil's internal taxation regime remains overly complex, including in the treatment of imported goods and services; customs duties and other taxes on foreign trade transactions account up to 15% of federal tax revenue. Domestic and cross-border transactions are subject to various federal and sub-federal levies; their cross-cumulation for tax base purposes is not uncommon. Incentives and government assistance for production and trade are available at both the federal and sub-federal levels. The scope of Brazil's incentive programmes may be regional, sectoral, or outcome-specific (e.g. fostering research). The range of support measures includes: administered interest rate or concessional financing; tax concessions; financial contributions; accelerated depreciation; guarantees; grants; advisory services; and credit insurance. Incentives granted in the context of certain programmes promoting information technology, telecommunications and automation goods are linked to Basic Productive Process (PPB) criteria, which are product-specific and stipulate which stages of the respective manufacturing process must be carried out in Brazil. Incentives conditional on compliance with PPB criteria are also granted within designated free-trade zones, with a view to promoting the development and regional integration of border areas in Brazil's north region. .巴西的国内税收制度仍然过于复杂，包括处理进口货物和服务的方式；关税和其他外贸交易税占联邦税收的15%。国内和跨境交易需缴纳各类联邦及次联邦税；此类交易中，以税基为目的的交叉累积并不罕见。针对生产和贸易的奖励和政府援助在联邦和次联邦一级均可获得。巴西奖励方案的范围涵盖区域性方案、生产部门性方案或针对具体成果的方案（例如，促进研究）。扶持措施包括：管制利率或优惠融资；税收优惠；财政捐助；加速折旧；担保；拨款；咨询服务以及信贷保险。在某些旨在促进信息技术、电信和自动化货物的方案中给予的奖励与基本生产过程(PPB)标准有关，该标准是特定于产品的，并规定相应制造过程中的哪些阶段必须在巴西进行。在指定的自由贸易区内也给予符合PPB标准的奖励条件，以促进巴西北部边境地区的发展和区域一体化。
19. Brazil, a non-party to the plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement, maintains a decentralized system of independent procurement jurisdictions at all levels of government that share a common set of rules established by the Federal Government. Tendering via reverse auction is the main mode of awarding contracts. In case of equivalent offers, the legislation allows for preferences for goods and services produced in Brazil, or produced/supplied by domestic companies or by companies that invest in technology development in Brazil. The preferential treatment may include quotas, preference margins, as well as tendering procedures completely restricted to small enterprises based in Brazil. Specific provisions regulate the preferences applicable to micro and small enterprises, and to PPB-compliant goods and services. Seventeen decrees establishing public procurement preference margins, ranging from 8% to 25%, for various PPB-compliant products, expired at end-December 2016 and March and June 2017. 作为诸边《政府采购协议》的非缔约国，巴西在各级政府中保持了独立的采购管辖权制度，遵守由联邦政府所制定的一套共同规则。通过逆向拍卖进行招标是授予合同的主要方式。在同等报价的情况下，巴西法律允许优先选择在巴西生产的商品和服务，或由国内公司或投资于巴西技术发展的公司所生产/供应的商品和服务。优惠待遇可包括配额、优惠幅度以及完全限于巴西小企业的招标程序。某些条款对适用于微型和小型企业以及PPB合规商品和服务的优惠做出了规定。2016年12月底至2017年3月和6月期间，17项规定公共采购优惠幅度（从8%至25%不等）的法令到期，这些规定适用于各种PPB合规产品。
20. The Federal Government still controls a relatively large number of companies with commercial activities in a wide range of industries, including hydrocarbons, electricity, port services, financial services, transportation, telecommunications, and health services. Some federal state-owned enterprises (SOEs) continue to hold dominant positions in their respective markets. In addition, there are many "public companies" owned or controlled by state and municipal governments. In 2016, Brazil amended the legal status of enterprises with public participation at any level of government, with a view to strengthening their governance and transparency, including in procurement operations. 联邦政府仍然对大量公司拥有控制权，这些公司在包括碳氢化合物、电力、港口服务、金融服务、运输、电信和卫生服务在内的多个行业开展商业活动。一些联邦国有企业（SOE）仍然在各自的市场上占据主导地位。此外，国家和市政府拥有或控制着诸多“上市公司”。2016年，巴西对涉及各级政府参与的企业的法律地位进行了修订，以加强对包括采购业务在内的公司治理和透明度。