AP Biology Semester I Review

Exam will consist of 100 objective questions (multiple choice, matching, true/false), and 60 points of either short essay, graph construction, diagramming, problem solving (punnett square), drawing (ecological cycles).

Test 1 - Ecology - Physical Environment and Populations (Ch. 44)

Biomes - Ch. 49 (p. 899-902)

- general characteristics of each biome

- how they are distributed globally

- distribution due to latitude and altitude

Environmental Factors - abiotic and biotic, examples of each

Metabolic styles of animals: warm-blooded vs. cold-blooded

endotherm ectotherm

homeotherm poikilotherm

Populations - Ch. 46 (p.835)

- Mathematical models of population growth

-exponential growth: draw a graph with proper axes labeled and shape of the curve

what kinds of populations grow this way?

-logistic growth: draw a graph with proper axes labeled and shape of the curve

what kinds of populations grow this way?

how is it different than exponential, and why?

carrying capacity

- r selected populations: characteristics of these organisms' reproductive style and life history

- k selected populations: characteristics of these organisms' reproductive style and life history

- survivorship curves: draw a graph showing typical survival pattern of r-selected vs. k-selected

- other characteristics of populations such as density, dispersal, dominance

Test 2 - Community and Ecosystem Ecology (Ch. 45-46)

Community Ecology: succession, predation, competition, mimicry (Mullerian and Batesian), cryptic coloration,

symbiosis (parasitism, mutualism, commensalism), coevolution

Ecosystem Ecology: be able to draw and explain:

- Energy Flow Diagrams (energy pyramids)

- Nutrient cycles (water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus)

be able to discuss these ecological problems:

- Greenhouse Effect - CO2 and methane

- Hole in the Ozone - CFCs

- Acid Rain - Sulfur and Nitrogen oxide gases

- Eutrophication - PO4

- Effects of deforestation on soil

- Soil salinization

- Biomagnification of toxins in the food chain

Test 3 - Organic Molecules of the Cell (Ch. 3)

Functional Groups: recognize hydroxyl, aldehyde, carboxyl, amine, phosphate function groups of atoms

Definition of: monomer, polymer, dehydration (condensation) reaction, hydrolysis reaction

4 Main families of molecules in living things:

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

For each of these families, know and recognize:

1. the monomers used to build them

2. the functional group(s) found in each monomer

3. the name of the bond between the monomers

4. general characteristics/functions of these polymers (macromolecules) in cells

Specific vocabulary by family:

Carbohydrates: monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Fats: saturated vs. unsaturated (characteristics of each, molecularly how are they different), phospholipids, soap micelles

Proteins: importance of 3 dimensional shape

primary structure - order of the amino acids

secondary structure - alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

tertiary structure - folding back on self of a chain already in secondary structure

quaternary structure - 2 or more proteins bound and functioning together

- and the chemical forces (bonds) that stabilize these levels of protein structure

Nucleic acids: recognition and general function only

Test 4 - Cells (Ch. 4)

Procaryotic vs. Eucaryotic

Endosymbiotic Theory of origin of Eucaryotic cells, and evidence behind it

Cell organelles: names, functions, appearance in a cell diagram (be able to label a cell), differences between plant and animal cells

Test 5 - Cell Membranes and Properties of Water (Ch. 5)

Fluid Mosaic Model of cell membranes: what molecules make up the membrane, how are they arranged, and why

Types of transport across membranes: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, ectocytosis - which require energy, which require transport proteins, which require both

Terms: hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic plasmolysis, cytolysis

homeostasis, equilibrium, concentration gradient, electrochemical gradient

Sodium/Potassium pump as an example of active transport

Not on this test but on exam: some multiple choice questions on the 7 unique properties of water

Test 6 - Cell Energy, ATP, and Enzymes (Ch. 6)

3 kinds of cellular work, concept of Energy Coupling (transferring chemical energy of ATP to do cellular work)

The high energy bond of the 3rd PO4 in ATP - transferring this PO4 to another molecule transfers energy

Cell respiration regenerates ATP from ADP

Enzymes:active site, substrate, denaturing

Tertiary structure of the protein is important to create the Active Site

Specificity of enzymes, their catalyst effect (lowering activation energy of a chemical reaction)

Induced fit of Substrate/Enzyme complex

How environmental conditions may affect enzyme function (temp., pH, enzyme concentration, substrate

concentration, inhibitors)

Competitive vs. noncompetitive inhibitors

Biofeedback and enzyme chains (assembly lines)

Allosteric regulation

Test 7 - Cellular Respiration (Ch. 8)

Overall balanced equation: glucose + 6 oxygen yields 6 carbon dioxide and 6 water

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Big 3 enzyme processes used by cell to oxidize glucose to gain 36 ATP

Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

For each process: what molecule(s) go in, come out, where in the cell does it occur?

Energy transfer molecules NADH, FADH2, and ATP - how are they involved

Overall energy yield is 36 ATP/glucose

Fermentation as an alternate pathway, when? energy yield? cells that can do it?

Chemiosmotic theory of ATP production

Test 8 - Photosynthesis (Ch. 7)

Overall balanced equation 6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

Big 2 Enzyme processes used by plant cells to create glucose

Light Reaction and Dark Reaction (Calvin-Benson Cycle)

For each: what molecule(s) go in, come out, middle chemical participants involved

Anatomy of a chloroplast: thylakoid membranes, grana, stroma

where in the chloroplast does light and dark reaction occur?

Cross section of a leaf - label a diagram of the cell types

Absorbtion spectrum of chlorophyll: which wavelengths of light are best absorbed, generate or interpret a graph of

Photorespiration: what is it, which plants suffer it, when does it occur, why does it occur, why is it wasteful?

C3, C4, CAM plants special adaptations of C4 and CAM to avoid photorespiration

Terms: autotroph, heterotroph,

Test 9 - Mitosis, Meiosis, and Mendelian Genetics (Ch. 9, 10 & Ch. 11)

Mitosis vs. Meiosis: label diagrams of stages, know how the two types of cell division are different, what is the

general purpose of each, what kinds of cells undergo each process, describe in writing

the differences between the two.

Cell Cycle

A.P. BIOLOGY LEARNER OBJECTIVES

Semester I

I. Ecology

  1. Physical Environment
  1. Identify and define biotic and abiotic factors of an environment
  2. List the major biomes and describe the characteristics of each
  3. Describe world distribution of biomes due to climatic patterns, latitude, and altitude
  4. Compare and contrast metabolic styles of animals: endothermy/ectothermy, autotroph/heterotroph
  5. Explain three animal responses to the environment: behavioral, physiological, morphological
  6. Define population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere, and the relationship between them
  1. Populations
  1. Define population density and describe types of dispersion
  2. Provide examples of field methods used to estimate population size
  3. Describe differences between exponential and logistic growth models
  4. Calculate population changes using exponential and logistic growth models
  5. Construct and explain graphs representing exponential and logistic growth
  6. Compare and contrast r-selected and k-selected species in regards to their reproductive strategies, growth curves, and survivorship curves
  1. Communities
  1. Define ecological niche and relate to the competitive exclusion principle
  2. Distinguish between and give examples of the three forms of symbiosis
  3. Discuss the roles of competition and predation in the structuring of a community
  4. Name and describe types of animal adaptations such as mimicry, camoflage, coevolution
  5. Explain principles involved in ecological succession
  6. Identify stages in forest and lake succession
  7. Define terms used to characterize a community such as: species diversity, relative dominance, relative abundance, stability
  1. Ecosystems
  1. Draw and explain energy flow pyramids using proper terms to identify trophic levels
  2. Describe trends that occur as energy flows from one trophic level to another, such as changes in biomass, species diversity, population numbers, energy lost
  3. Draw and explain steps of biogeochemical cycles: water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus
  4. Discuss ecological problems such as: greenhouse effect, hole in ozone layer, acid rain, deforestation, biomagnification of toxins, eutrophication, soil erosion and soil salinization

II. The Cell – Structures and Functions

  1. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
  2. Explain endosymbiotic theory of the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes
  3. List structures and functions of plant and animal cells
  4. Cell Membranes
  1. Explain the Fluid Mosaic Model with emphasis on how the chemical makeup and arrangement of molecules affects functioning
  2. Compare and contrast different forms of transport across membranes
  3. Understand the workings of the sodium-potassium pump as an example of active transport
  4. Define electrochemical gradient across cell membranes and give examples of how this condition is used in the functioning of cells
  5. Use terms hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic in discussion of how environment affects movement of materials across cell membranes

III. Unique Properties of Water

  1. Define the following properties of water and give an example of how each contributes to the fitness of Earth for life: cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, solvent ability, low density of ice
  2. Explain hydrogen bonding in water as the cause for all of these properties

IV. Chemistry of the Cell

  1. Cell Energy and Enzymes
  1. List and define three kinds of cellular energy
  2. Understand the structure, role of ATP, and reasons for its high energy bond
  3. Understand the concept of energy coupling to explain how ATP drives cellular work, and how ATP is regenerated
  4. Understand enzymes are proteins, their three dimensional shape is important in creating an active site, and the concept of enzyme specificity
  5. Explain catalyst effect of enzymes in terms of lowered activation energy and the substrate-enzyme complex or induced fit
  6. Define competitive and noncompetitive inhibition
  7. Explain concept of enzyme chains and biofeedback inhibition
  8. Define allosteric regulation
  9. Discuss how temperature and pH affect enzyme function
  1. Organic Molecules
  1. Define monomer, polymer, dehydration, hydrolysis, functional group
  2. List the four major families of molecules in living cells: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
  3. Describe and recognize the following characteristics for each of the previous molecule families:
  1. monomers used to build them
  2. functional groups found in monomers
  3. name of bond between monomers
  4. polymer form and where the bond between monomers is found
  5. general characteristics and functions in the cell
  1. Explain primary, secondary, tertiary, and quatrenary protein structure and concept of denaturing
  1. Cellular Respiration
  1. Write overall balanced reaction
  2. List three major enzyme systems involved: Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
  3. Describe for each of the above enzymatic processes:
  1. what molecule goes in
  2. what molecules come out
  3. where in the cell each occurs
  4. energy yield in form of ATP, NADH, FADH2
  1. Identify overall ATP yield of complete oxidation of glucose
  2. Explain anaerobic process of fermentation in various organisms
  3. Discuss metabolic styles of organisms such as aerobes, obligate aerobes, anaerobes, faculatative anaerobes
  4. Explain the chemiosmotic theory of ATP production and relate to anatomy of the mitochondrion
  5. Connect details with the big picture as to why animals need to eat food, breathe oxygen, exhale carbon dioxide
  1. Photosynthesis
  1. Write overall balanced equation and make connection that it is cellular respiration in reverse
  2. Distinguish similarities to cell respiration in respects of enzyme pathways and the anatomy of a chloroplast as compared to a mitochondrion
  3. Identify two major enzyme pathways as the light reaction and dark reaction
  4. Describe for both light and dark reaction
  1. where in the chloroplast they occur
  2. what molecules go in
  3. what molecules come out
  4. the middle chemical participants
  5. the main purpose of each
  1. Explain the dependency of the dark reaction on the light reaction
  2. Define photosystems, cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation
  3. Discuss process of photorespiration
  4. Describe C4 and CAM plant adaptations
  5. Draw and label a cross section of a leaf
  6. Construct and interpret an absorption spectrum for chlorophyll

V. Cell Reproduction

  1. Mitosis and Meiosis
  1. Describe events and differentiate between the stages of mitosis and meiosis
  2. Recognize cells in various stages
  3. Compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis