Unit 2
Guided Notes
· Hindsight bias
· Critical thinking
· Theory
·
· Hypothesis
o Null Hypothesis
· Operational definitions
· Replicate
Description (Descriptive Research methods)
· Case Study method
· Survey method
§ Wording effects (Framing)
o Random sampling
§ False consensus effect
§ Population
§ Random sample
· Naturalistic Observation method
o Jane Goodall
· Correlation Research method
o Correlation
§ Correlation coefficient
§ Scatterplot
· Positive correlation
· Negative correlation
· Line of best fit or regression line
§ Illusory correlations
Experimentation
· Experiment
o Random assignment
§ Experimental group
· Independent variable
· Dependent variable
· Confounding variables
§ Control group
§ Double-blind procedure
§ Single-blind procedure
o Placebo
§ Placebo effect
Statistical Analysis
· Descriptive Statistics
o Frequency distribution
o Frequency polygons (line graph)
o Histogram (bar graph)
§ Y-axis (vertical)
§ X-axis (horizontal)
o Measures of Central Tendency
§ Mean
§ Mode
§ Median
o The Normal Curve
§ Extreme scores or Outliers
· Skewed
o Positively skewed data
o Negatively skewed data
o Measures of variation or variability
§ Range
§ Variance
§ Standard deviation
§ Z-scores
· Percentiles
· Inferential statistics
o Sampling error or effect size
o Statistical significance (α=.05) or (α=.10) also known as the p value
Ethical Guidelines
· American Psychological Association (APA)
· Institutional Review Board (IRB)
· Guidelines for Research with Humans
o No coercion
o Informed consent
o Anonymity/confidentiality
o Risk/Do no harm
o Debriefing
· Guidelines for Research with Animals
o Clear scientific purpose
§ Aid with understanding or solutions to human problems
o Humane treatment
o Acquire animals legally
o Least amount of suffering