12. VETERINARY ECOLOGY
Ø Task. For questions 1 – 10, read the text below and decide which word best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0).
Example:
0 A action B activity C job D time
A is the correct answer. “To take action against someone or something” = begin to do something to solve a particular problem.
Society’s increasing concern for the environment is influencing livestock production. Modern legislation makes it easier to take (0)………A……… against farmers who either deliberately or accidentally pollute the environment with dangerous chemicals or wastes of animal origin. Farmers are also responsible for any harm their livestock may do to other people or their property.
Larger feeding operations have (1)……………….. the problem of an increased concentration of animal waste treatment and may be a frequent cause of undesirable odours. Disposal of the waste in a manner that is not harmful to the environment or objectionable to others living in the area may be problematic and farmers are obliged to (2)……………….. animal wastes within laws and regulations to protect the environment. Animal manure should be handled so that odours, dust, flies, rodents and other nuisances are minimized. The manure must not to be dumped into streams, rivers, lakes or reservoirs as it could (3)……………….. in health and safety hazard to humans and animals. Protection of surface and (4) ……………….. water is also a priority.
Water pollution is a major issue in the disposal of animal wastes. Waste water is contaminated by various pollutants e.g. faecal bacteria, suspended solids, phosphorus, ammonia or others resulting in biochemical oxygen demand. Oxygen-demanding organic matter in the water, if at too high a level, can decrease the level of oxygen vital to fish and other organism living in the water. Algae problems in water may be caused by contamination with phosphorus and ammonia contained in animal waste. These materials provide nutrients supporting (5)……………….. growth of this water organism. Finally, bacteria from the intestinal tracts of humans and animals present in waste water can transmit diseases to humans and animals.
Selecting a system of manure handling is dependent on many factors, primarily on the animal species that is being (6)………………... The ration fed to the animals as well as the type of housing and management also affects the characteristics of the manure produced. Climate, as in the amount of rainfall, evaporation, the prevailing direction of wind and temperature, also plays an important role.
Animal manure can be collected and handled as a solid or as a liquid. Housing that uses a solid system may have concrete or slotted floors or solid floors with gutters. The others often have solid concrete or slotted floors that can be flushed with water. Liquid systems use pits, lagoons or storage basins for storing and handling manure.
As a valuable fertilizer, most animal manure is eventually spread on the land. All solid handling systems work (7)………………... and liquid systems (except for lagoons) also involve moving the manure to a field to dispose of it.
Conversely, animal manure can be the cause of undesired gases and odours which are caused by anaerobic bacteria (8)………………... the organic part. Such gases can be dangerous to people as well as animals and they should be controlled properly. (9)………………..., they can be reduced by mixing air with the manure or using chemical and bacteria culture odour-control products such as masking agents, counteractants, deodorants or digestive deodorants.
Disposal of dead animals should be made within a given period of time after death and in such a way that no hazard of spreading disease is created. Some of the common approved methods include a licenced disposal plant, burying, disposal pits, burning or composting. The best place to dispose of fallen stock[1]* is a rendering or disposal plant. Burning large animals seems problematic and smaller animals such as baby pigs or chicks are the only animals that are practical to burn. Commercial incinerators should be used. Burying animals (10)………………... the use of excavation equipment to dig a large enough pit. Carcasses should be placed at the proper depth below the surface and then covered with sufficient earth.
1 A lifted B rised C asked D raised
2 A handle B provide C deal D combat
3 A become B result C go D come
4 A bottom B underground C land D ground
5 A exaggerated B excessive C extreme D exeptional
6 A raised B breeded C reered D nursed
7 A either way B by the way C in this way D on the way
8 A breaking down B dividing C separating D splitting
9 A Moreover B However C Conversely D Generally
10 A wants B requires C needs to D cancels
Water sampling and analysis
Look at the Decision-making network for selection of method of analysis issued by the World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/2edvol3d.pdf) and answer the following questions.
1. How should we transport the sample to laboratory if the sample is turbid?
2. What is the next step if the sample is unlikely to contain faecal bacteria but analysis is required?
3. What is the threshold limit of free chlorine in a sample?
4. The abbreviation MPN stands for: minimal probability of nitrate or most probable number?
5. The abbreviation MF stands for or maximum filtration or membrane-filtration?
6. Explain the last box: on-site testing using MF in portable kits.
Useful phrases and expressions
environment protection /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt prəˈtekʃ(ə)n/ ochrana životního prostředí
environment protection act /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt prəˈtekʃ(ə)n ækt/zákon o ochraně životního prostředí
maintenance of environment /ˈmeɪntənəns əv ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/péče o životní prostředí
detriment of environment /ˈdetrɪmənt əv ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ ekologická újma
degradation/damage of environment znehodnocení/zhoršování ž. prostředí
/ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃ(ə)n/ /ˈdæmɪdʒ əv ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/
sustainability of environment /səˈsteɪnəb(ə)l əv ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ udržitelnost ž. prostředí
animal/farmland manure /ˈænɪm(ə)l ˈfɑː(r)mˌlænd məˈnjʊə(r)/ mrva, hnůj
farmyard manure /ˈfɑː(r)mˌjɑː(r)d məˈnjʊə(r)/ chlévská mrva/hnůj
liquid manure /ˈlɪkwɪd məˈnjʊə(r)/ kejda, močůvka
stable manure /ˈsteɪb(ə)l məˈnjʊə(r)/ maštalní hnůj
manure production /məˈnjʊə(r) prəˈdʌkʃ(ə)n/ produkce hnoje
manure spreader /məˈnjʊə(r) spredə(r)/ rozmetadlo chlévské mrvy
manure treatment /məˈnjʊə(r) ˈtriːtmənt/ zpracování mrvy
removal of manure /rɪˈmuːv(ə)l əv məˈnjʊə(r)/ odvoz hnoje
amount of manure /əˈmaʊnt əv məˈnjʊə(r)/ množství hnojiv
biogas and composting plants zařízení na výrobu bioplynu a kompostování
/ˈbaɪəʊˌɡæs ənd ˈkɒmpɒstɪŋ plɑːnts/
requirements for manure /rɪˈkwaɪə(r)mənts fə(r) məˈnjʊə(r)/ požadavky na hnůj
mature manure /məˈtʃʊə(r) məˈnjʊə(r)/ uzrálá chlévská mrva
organic compounds /ɔː(r)ˈɡænɪk ˈkɒmpaʊnds/ organické komposty
efficiency of manure use /ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nsi əv məˈnjʊə(r) juːz/ účinnost používání hnojiva
Pollution /pəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ Znečištění
degree of pollution /dɪˈɡriː əv pəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ stupeň znečištění
harmful pollutants /ˈhɑː(r)mf(ə)l pəˈluːt(ə)nt/ škodliviny
atmospheric pollution /ˌætməsˈferɪk pəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ znečištění atmosféry
air pollution /eə(r) pəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ znečištění ovzduší
biological effect of pollution /ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l ɪˈfekt .../ biologický účinek znečištění
cost of pollution /kɒst .../ náklady na znečištění
indicator of pollution /ˈɪndɪˌkeɪtə(r).../ indikátor znečištění
faecal pollution /ˈfiːk(ə)l pəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ fekální znečištění
pollution effect /pəˈluːʃ(ə)n ɪˈfekt/ vliv znečištění
Pollutant /pəˈluːt(ə)nt/ Znečišťující látka, polutant
industrial pollutants /ɪnˈdʌstriəl pəˈluːt(ə)nts/ průmyslové polutanty
biodegradable pollutant biologicky odbouratelná znečišťující látka
/ˌbaɪəʊdɪˈɡreɪdəb(ə)l pəˈluːt(ə)nt/
biological treatment of pollutants /ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l ˈtriːtmənt.../ biologické odstranění škodlivin
food pollutants /fuːd pəˈluːt(ə)nts/ látky znečišťující potraviny
identification of pollutants /aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n .../ identifikace znečišťujících látek
non-biodegradable pollutant biologicky neodbouratelná znečišťující látka
/nɒn ˌbaɪəʊdɪˈɡreɪdəb(ə)l .../
persistent organic pollutant /pə(r)ˈsɪstənt ɔː(r)ˈɡænɪk .../ nerozložitelná organický polutant
pollutant absorption /pəˈluːt(ə)nt əbˈzɔː(r)pʃ(ə)n/ absorpce znečišťující látky
pollutant accumulation /... əˌkjuːmjʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ akumulace znečišťující látky
pollutant degradation /...ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃ(ə)n/ odbourávání znečišťující látky
pollutant deposition /...ˌdepəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/ ukládání znečišťující látky
pollutant distribution /...ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃ(ə)n/ prostorové rozložení znečišťující látky
pollutant elimination /... ɪˌlɪmɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ odstraňování znečišťující látky
pollutant level /... ˈlev(ə)l/ množství znečišťující látky
pollutant load /...ləʊd/ zatížení životního prostředí
pollutant reduction /...rɪˈdʌkʃ(ə)n/ redukce znečišťující látky
polluted area /... ˈeəriə/ znečištěná oblast
polluted atmosphere / pəˈluːt ɪd ˈætməsˌfɪə(r)/ znečištěné ovzduší
polluted matter /pəˈluːt ɪd ˈmætə(r)/ znečištěná látka
pollution by agriculture /... baɪ ˈæɡrɪˌkʌltʃə(r)/ znečištění zemědělstvím
pollution control /... kənˈtrəʊl/ snižování znečištění
pollution incident /...ˈɪnsɪd(ə)nt/ ekologická havárie
Vocabulary practice:
1. Translate the following phrases into English.
a) živiny podporující nadměrný růst ......
b) cenné hnojivo ......
c) pevné podlahy sežlaby ......
d) rozprášený po zemi ......
e) skladování a nakládání shnojem ......
f) zápach, prach, mouchy a hlodavci ......
g) běžné schválené metody ......
h) betonové podlahy ......
i) fosfor způsobuje znečištění vody ......
j) vylitý do toků nebo nádrží ......
k) mrtvá hospodářská zvířata ......
l) komerční spalovna ......
m) velké množství srážek ......
n) výkopové zařízení ......
o) vdostatečné hloubce pod povrchem ......
p) spláchnutý vodou ......
2. Match the synonyms.
1. disease / A. to issue2. earth / B. unwanted
3. easy / C. to lessen
4. hazard / D. garbage
5. odour / E. issue
6. pollutant / F. smell
7. problem / G. to influence
8. sufficiently / H. contaminant
9. to affect / I. ailment
10. to allow / J. risk
11. to decrease / K. to increase
12. to publish / L. simple
13. to raise / M. to permit
14. undesired / N. enough
15. waste / O. gnawer
16. rodent / P. ground
3. Complete each sentence with a word from the box.
access, composting, farmyard, fertilizer, management, polluting, rendering· In order to avoid ………………………… water resources with animal waste it was necessary to improve animal housing and to manage liquid waste.
· Lorries, are to be weighed on departure from the slaughterhouse and on arrival at the ………………………… plant.
· Dead animals must be buried deep enough to prevent ………………………… by wild birds and other animals.
· Dried ………………………… manure and dehydrated poultry manure can be of further use.
· Many investments connected with water supply and waste water ………………………… have been made so far.
· What are the requirements for the approval of biogas and ………………………… plants using animal by-products?
· The trace-element content of a ………………………… shall be declared in the new manner.
4. Decide which word is the odd one out. More than one answer may be correct.
- lake loch reservoir tank
- issue matter problem solution
- provision risk danger peril
- putrefy decade decay rot
- promise premise area space
- ration dose ratio batch
- covered turbid cloudy muddy
- pit hole aperture pause
- measure dimension size proceeding
- deposit eliminate remove dispose
4. Fill in the crosswords.
12
/ 3
4
/ 5
6
7
8
9
10
/ 11
12
/ 13
14
15
16
17
18
/ 19
20
Across
2. to put an animal's dead body in the ground
6. an artificial pool for waste water
8. a poisonous gas with a strong unpleasant smell
9. a process in which a substance is put on something
12. the process of changing into gas or steam
14. farm animals
15. connected with, produced by, or obtained from living things
16. firm and hard
17. solid waste from farm animals
18. something that could be dangerous
20. the useless materials or substances left after you use something / Down
1. a common small insect with wings
3. an official rule that controls the way that things are done
4. a mixture of decaying plants and vegetables
5. the type of weather that a country or region has
7. a substance such as air that is neither a solid nor a liquid
10. a natural or chemical substance added to soil to help plants grow
11. microorganisms consisting of a single cell
13. a substance that is harmful to the environment
19. any of various chiefly aquatic, eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms
Grammar Practice - Prepositions
· Time
Ø IN - years, seasons, months, weeks, parts of day, at the end of a period of time in the future
e.g. in 2014, in winter, in February, in the morning, in a minute (za minutu)
at night, at midnight, on Sunday evening
Ø ON - days, date, special parts of the day
e.g. on Saturdays, on Christmas Day/Eve, on Halloween, on the 3rd of April, on Wednesday afternoon
Ø AT - exact time of the day
e.g. at 6, at 8 p.m., at 12 o’clock
- with fixed phrases
e.g. at the weekend, at the moment, at Christmas
Ø other prepositions in expressions of time are e.g. AFTER (po, poté), AGO (před), BEFORE (před), BETWEEN (mezi), BY (do), DURING (během), FOR (po dobu), FROM…TO/FROM…UNTIL (od…do), SINCE (od), TILL/UNTIL (do), WITHIN (během)
The following phrases are used without prepositions:
this week, this month, this Monday, this September
last week, last month, last night, last Monday, last September
next week, next month, next Monday
yesterday morning, tomorrow night
every minute, every day, every year
· Place and direction
Ø IN - inside a container, room, building, vehicle
e.g. in the living room, in a laboratory, in the test-tube, in a pharmacy
- within an area, city, or country
e.g. in the Czech Republic, in the environment, in the garden
- within an object, space, or substance
e.g. in the air, in the sky, in the space, in one’s mouth
- at a specific part of something
e.g. in the middle, in the centre
Ø ON - touching and supported by the top surface of something
e.g. on the ground, on the table
- touching, sticking to, or hanging from a surface or object
e.g. on the wall, on the head
- in a particular area, or on a particular type of land
e.g. on the island, on a farm
- used for saying which thing a part of your body accidentally hits or touches causing you to be hurt
e.g. My son cut his forelimb on a piece of glass from the broken window.
Ø AT - in a particular place
e.g. at home, at work, at the doctor’s, at school, at university
- sitting or standing close to something, especially in order to do something