______Name
Comprehensive Biology Review
This test will contain material from all of the previous six weeks.
Remember to bring a pencil to the test and remember to study!!!!!!!!!
1st Nine Weeks Topics include:
Study Skills
Lab Safety
Scientific Method/Embedded Inquiry
Cells & Cellular Transport
1. What are the steps of the scientific method?
2. The problem is stated in the form of a _____-______.
3. Independent variable-
4. Dependent variable-
5. Homer thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (staple a set of papers). Group A is given the special juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the special juice. After an hour, Homer counts how many stacks of stapled papers each group has made. Group A made 1,587 stacks and Group B made 2,113 stacks.
a. Identify the control group:
b. Independent variable:
c. Dependent variable:
d. What should Homer’s conclusion be?
6. Any microscope that has two or more lenses is a
A. Multi-dimensional scope B. Multi-functional scope
C. Complex scope D. Compound scope
7. The part of the microscope the ARROW is pointing to is called the
A. Condenser lens B. Diaphragm C. Stage D. Base
8. This part of the microscope provides different powers of magnification. It is identified by the number?
A. 6 B. 5 C. 2 D. 1
9. What is the total magnification used to view these onion cells through this microscope?
A. 10x B. 40x C. 50x D. 400x
10. Identify major cell organelles, given a diagram.
Function / OrganelleControl center and has nucleolus
Respiration occurs here
Photosynthesis occurs here
Protein synthesis
Rough or smooth; transports
Packages, distributes, and stores
Storage tank (very large in plants)
11. Which of the following would help you conclude the cell shown here is a plant cell? (may be more than one correct answer)
A. Presence of chloroplasts
B. Presence of Golgi bodies
C. Rigid cell wall
D. Large, central vacuole
E. Absence of Rough ER
Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Things to remember:
· Prokaryotes: have no nucleus, have no organelles, they are single-celled.
· Eukaryotes: means true nucleus, they have a nucleus and organelles. Eukaryotes can be single or multi-celled.
12. Is the picture above representative of a prokaryote or a eukaryote? ______
13. Label the plant and animal cells below
Plant vs. Animal Cells
Things to remember:
· Only plant cells have ______& ______
· Only animal cells have ______
· Plant cells have a single, large central ______that is used for storage.
· An animal cell is typically in the shape of a ______, while a plant cell is shaped like a ______.
Predict the movement of water and other molecules across selectively permeable membranes.
· __ _tonic=the cell is balanced (homeostasis); Water can move in and out of the cell at the same rate= NO NET MOVEMENT
· ___tonic= there is more water and less solute outside of the cell than inside the cell; water moves into the cell; the cell will swell/burst (in plants turgor pressure increases)
· ___tonic= there is less water and more solute inside the cell than outside the cell; water moves out_ of the cell; the cell will shrivel and wilt
Label the pictures as hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic
______
Compare and contrast active and passive transport.
· Hydrophilic(heads)-H2O loving / Hydrophobic(tails)-H2O fearing
Passive transport does ______require energy (ATP); moves from an area of
______concentration to an area of ______concentration (“downhill”)
3 types of passive transport
· ______>particles move from higher to lower concentrations
· ______>water moves from higher to lower concentrations across a membrane.
· ______>particles from higher to lower concentrations using a channel/carrier protein
Active transport _____ require energy (ATP); moves from an area of
____ concentration to an area of _____ concentration (“uphill”)
3 types of active transport:
· ______>moving particles into the cell using energy
· ______>moving particles out of the cell using energy
· ______>moving particles through a pump into or out through the cell membrane
14. Cells move material from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration by the use of
a. passive transport b. active transport
c. endocytosis d. protein pumps
15. Label the pictures below (osmosis, facilitated diffusion, diffusion, active transport)
Homeostasis
· Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal balance of the cell.
· The ______controls homeostasis of a cell by regulating what flows in or out.
· Blood pressure and body temperature are 2 examples of homeostasis.
· Selective permeability is the property of the plasma (cell) membrane that allows it to control homeostasis.
16. Homeostasis helps organisms maintain proper balance or equilibrium. The structure that helps maintain that balance in a cell in all organisms
a. cell wall b. plasma (cell) membrane c. chloroplast d. mitochondria
17. Which of the following is a good example of homeostasis in humans?
a. human body shivering when it is cold outside
b. someone sticking their finger down their throat to vomit
c. someone using dandruff shampoo because of dry scalp
- spitting
2nd Nine Weeks Topics include:
Macromolecules and Enzymes
Cell Growth and Replication
Mitosis
REMEMBER:
--How do you know what type of macromolecule you’re looking at? Follow this flow chart.
Does the substance have C,H,O,N,P?
No Yes
Does it have a C,H,O,N? Nucleic Acid
Yes No
Protein Does it have a 1:2:1 ratio
of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Yes No
Carbohydrate Lipid
Carbohydrates are made of ______;
Function: ______.
Lipids are made up of the monomers ______& ______;
Function: ______; these are ______in water;
Proteins are made with ______(building blocks);
Function: =______; connected with ______bonds.
Nucleic Acids are made with ______;
Function: ______; 2 examples are ______& ______;
Enzymes are important proteins. Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up a chemical reaction by ______the activation energy.
--A ______is the molecule that binds to the enzyme and is acted on
by it.
--A ______is what is released by the enzyme at the end of the
chemical reaction.
--Most enzymes are named with ____ as the ending.
--Enzymes are specific. The shape of the active site must match the shape of
the substrate.
--Enzyme are ______. They are not consumed (used up) during the
reaction.
--Enzymes may quit working when not under optimal (ideal) conditions (ex. pH,
temperature changes) due to denaturation (protein unfolding).
Cell Cycle & Mitosis
Cell Cycle has 4 parts: G1 à S à G2 à M (with cytokinesis) OR 5 parts: I P M A T
--during interphase, the cell grows, copies DNA, makes organelles, and gets ready to
divide; this is the “growth” period for the cell; G1 à S à G2; it is the longest phase
--mitosis only involves BODY CELLS (also known as somatic cells)
--a diploid (2n) cell contains 2 sets of chromosomes-one from mom and one from dad
(46 chromosomes for humans); a haploid (n) cell contains 1 set of chromosomes (23 total for humans).
--mitosis begins with 1 diploid cell and ends with 2 diploid cells (daughter cells are
identical to each other and parent cell)
--remember what happens in each phase of mitosis:
PROPHASE: nuclear membrane breaks down (in animals 2 centrioles);
chromosomes form; microtubules start to grow
METAPHASE: sister chromatids (joined by centromere) move to the middle
(equator/metaphase plate); spindle forms
ANAPHASE: sister chromatids pull ______and move to the poles
TELOPHASE: cell starts to divide (cell plate=plant cells; cleavage furrow=animal cells); nuclear membrane reforms; chromosomes relax into chromatin
Meiosis
· Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in _____ CELLS to form gametes.
· Meiosis begins with __ diploid cell (46 chromosomes for humans) and ends with 4
haploid cells (23 chromosomes in each cell for humans).
· The haploid cells that are made during meiosis are eggs in females and sperm in males
· Meiosis provides genetic variation in a population because ______occurs during
this process, bringing about new gene combinations
· There are two parts. Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Each with P M A T.
2nd six weeks sample questions:
1. Label each of the following molecules-carbohydrate (C), lipid (L), protein (P), or nucleic acid (NA)
A______B______C______ D______
2. Fill in the following chart.
Indicator / Tests for / Positive testIodine / A / F
Benedict's Solution / B / G
Biurets Reagent / C / H
Sudan III / D / I
Brown Paper / E / J
3. How does the reduction in activation energy by an enzyme affect a chemical reaction?
A. The products are not stable
B. The reaction proceeds at a faster rate
C. Less energy is gained from the reaction
D. The reaction is less efficient when the enzyme is present
4. What is the role an enzyme plays in a chemical reaction?
A. It increases the activation energy B. It slows down the chemical reaction
C. It lowers the activation energy D. It is consumed by the reaction
5. Label A and B on the graph.
Progress of Reaction ------à
6. Which of the following organic molecules are passed from parent to offspring to determine the offspring’s traits?
A. Lipids
B. Nucleic acids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Proteins
7. In mitosis a human somatic (body) cell begins with 46 chromosomes. How many will the daughter cells have after mitosis?
A. 92 B. 46 C. 23 D. 46 pairs
8. Which of the following stands for diploid?
A. Dip B. 2x C. 2n D. n
9. TRUE or FALSE: Mitosis produces the same # of chromosomes in each daughter cell as the parent cell had.
10. Which of the following is the correct order of the cell cycle?
A. G1 à G2 à S à M à Cytokinesis C. G1 à S à G2à M à Cytokinesis
B. G1 à G2 à M à S à Cytokinesis D. G1 à M à S à G2 à Cytokinesis
11. During which phase of mitosis does the cell plate in plants form or the cleavage furrow in animals form?
A. Interphase B. Metaphase C. Prophase D. Telophase
12. Look at the pictures below. Write the name of the phase of mitosis below each picture:
A B C D
______
One more thing: Place the phases in order: ______
13. If a cell has 46 chromosomes before it undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes will each gamete have?
A. 92 B. 46 C. 23 D. 13
14. Which process occurs during Prophase I of meiosis, and increases genetic diversity?
A. Replication
B. Crossing over
C. Spindle formation
D. Chromosomes condense
2nd Nine Weeks Topics (cont) include:
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Remember Photosynthesis & Respiration
EQUATIONS for PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION
(Photosynthesis) 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
(Respiration) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
· Photosynthesis ______ energy for plants & respiration ______ energy for organisms
· The ______of photosynthesis (CO2 + H2O + energy) are the products of respiration
· The products of photosynthesis (O2 + C6H12O6) are the ______of respiration
· Photosynthesis occurs in plants or those organisms that contain chlorophyll
· Respiration occurs in ______organisms
· Chloroplast = organelle of photosynthesis & mitochondria = organelle of respiration
· Aerobic = with ______& anaerobic = without oxygen
· ATP transfers energy (break a phosphate-P to release energyàbecomes ADP)
· Steps of aerobic respiration are: 1st = Glycolysis makes 2 ATP
2nd = Krebs Cycle makes 2 ATP
3rd = ETC makes 32 ATP
=36 ATP TOTAL
· Steps of anaerobic respiration are: glycolysis followed by 1 of 2 pathways:
1. alcoholic fermentation (yeast)
2. lactic acid fermentation (muscles)
§ = 2 ATP TOTAL
Diagram A Diagram B
______
1. Label the following equations:
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 ______equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy ______equation
2.Using the equations above, circle the reactants & underline the products:
3. Photosynthesis STORES energy, while respiration RELEASES energy. The products of one
are the reactants of the other. If photosynthesis stops, then
A. autotrophs could no longer store energy in food molecules
B. heterotrophs would slowly run out of food, which would affect the rate of
respiration and thus reduce the amount of energy being released
C. neither heterotrophs nor autotrophs would survive
D. all of the above
4. Using the diagram above, how does photosynthesis depend on respiration?
A. animals must eat other animals in order for respiration to take place
B. plants must carry out respiration in order to make food
C. plants need respiration from animals in order for photosynthesis to take place
D. animals need plants in order to produce their own food.
5. Which of the following is TRUE of the anaerobic process of respiration?
A. occurs without the presence of oxygen; yields a net of 32 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule that is broken-down.
B. occurs in the presence of oxygen; yields a net of 2 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule that is broken-down.
C. occurs in the presence of oxygen; yields a net of 32 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule that is broken-down.
D. occurs without the presence of oxygen; yields a net of 2 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule that is broken-down.
6. Which of the following shows the CORRECT order of the steps of aerobic respiration?
A. Krebs CycleàCalvin CycleàETC B. Krebs CycleàGlycolysisàETC
C. GlycolysisàCalvin CycleàETC D. GlycolysisàKrebs CycleàETC
7. Which of the following produces the largest amount of ATP?
A. anaerobic respiration B. ETC C. aerobic respiration D. Krebs Cycle
8. Which statement best explains the role of meiosis in the production of sex cells?
A. to produce cells with half the DNA of the original cell
B. to produce cells that are genetically identical to each other
C. to combine the DNA of two identical cells
D. to combine the DNA of two different cells
9. If a cell has 46 chromosomes before it undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes will each gamete have?
A. 92 B. 46 C. 23 D. 13
10. The process above shows