Regular Biology Final Exam Test Review KEY
1) Meiosis results in =
4 haploid daughter cells that are not identical
2) Explain what occurs during crossing over in Meiosis?
Exchange of genetic material during prophase 1, this allows for genetic diversity
3) How many chromosomes do the new cells at the end of meiosis have? Half the number chromosomes then the original – humans would have 23
4) Identify the phase in which nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides and 4 daughter cells are formed.
Telophase 2
5) Compare mitosis & meiosis:
Mitosis / MeiosisIn what type of cell does the division take place? / somatic / gametes
How many divisions are there? / 1 / 2
How many daughter cells are produced? / 2 / 4
How many chromosomes are produced? / 46 / 23
Are the daughter cells identical or different to the parent cell? / identical / different
Does crossing over occur? / NO / YES
6) Define the following terms:
a. Phenotype: physical appearance
b. Genotype: alleles that are used: TT. Tt. tt
c. Homozygous: same alles: TT or tt
d. Heterozygous: different alles Tt
e. Dominant: Expressed with a capital letter. Always expressed/seen
f. Recessive: only expressed if 2 recessive allele are together tt
7) Create a Punnett square for the following:
B = brown eyes b = blue eyes
A heterozygous father has children with a homozygous recessive mother.
Bb x bb
Genotypes:
2Bb and 2bb
Phenotypes:
2 blue eyes and 2 brown eyes
8) Create a Punnett square for the following:
B = brown eyes b = blue eyes
A heterozygous father has children with a heterozygous mother.
Bb x Bb
Genotypes:
1BB, 2Bb, 1bb
Phenotypes:
3 Brown Eyes, 1 Blue eye
9) Identify the multiple alleles for blood types:
a. A blood = AA, Ai
b. B blood = BB, Bi
c. AB blood = AB
d. O blood = oo or can be written as ii
10) If a mother is AB blood type and has children with a man who is also AB blood type, is it possible for her to have a child who is o blood type?
No, should come out to be 25% AA, 50% AB and 25% BB
11) Explain how homologous structures are evidence of evolution.
Homologous structures have the same basic structure (skeleton) but have different functions. This shows that organisms may have evolved from a common ancestor
12) An adaptation that enables a species to blend in with the environment is called:
Camouflage
13) Explain why the Galapagos Islands were and important part of the development of Natural Selection and Evolution.
The islands contained such diverse animals on each island.
14) Structures that have the same function but no evolutionary relationship such as butterfly wing and bird wing are called:
Analogous structures
15) How is embryology evidence of evolution?
All vertebrates start off very similar as an embryo
16) List in order the hierarchy of taxonomy from broadest to most specific starting with kingdom.
Domain à Kingdom à Phylum à Class à Order à Family à Genus à species
17) Binomial nomenclature uses what to name species?
Uses Latin or Greek it is a 2 word naming system that uses the Genus and species
18) The arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities is known as:
classification
19) Identify the 6 kingdoms:
Archaeabacteria, Eubacteria, Animalia, Plantea, Protista, Fungi
20) Identify the kingdom that has organisms that have a cell wall made up of chitin.
Fungus
21) This kingdom that contains organisms that are thought to be the first life forms on earth:
Archaea
22) This kingdom contains organisms that can be either unicellular or multicellular and they can either be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Protista
23) This kingdom is multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that feed on plants and animals.
Animalia
24) This kingdom contains organisms that are found almost every where on earth and cause most human diseases.
Eubacteria
25) Explain why viruses are considered nonliving.
Viruses can not replicate on their own. They need a host cell.
26) List the main parts of a virus.
Capsid and nucleic acid
27) Why can you not use antibiotics on a viral infection?
Antibiotics will only work on bacterial infections. They inhibit the cell wall from forming when the bacterial cell divides. A virus does not replicate on its own and does not have a cell wall.
28) Explain what a vaccine is. Vaccines are non-active parts of previous years virus. It is given to you to help your body build antibodies against it, this way when you come in contact with it your body will know how to fight it
29) Explain the lytic cycle.
1) Virus attaches to the cell wall 2) Virus injects its DNA into the cell 3) Cell reads the DNA and assembles the viral parts 4) Newly assembled viruses will burst out of the cell destroying the cell
30) How is the lysogenic cycle different then the lytic cycle?
In the lysogenic cycle the virus will inject its DNA into the cell, the viral DNA will become a part of the cell’s DNA. The viral DNA will get replicated as the cell go through DNA Replication. Each time the cell divides the viral DNA goes with it. It will lay dormant until the conditions are right and it will then enter into the Lytic Cycle.
31) Are viruses host cell specific?
Yes, will only infect certain cells
32) How do bacteria reproduce?
Binary fission, cells divide; asexual
Conjugation: exchange of genetic information; sexual
33) What characteristics of Protista are shared with bacteria? Both are unicellular, have cell membranes, cytoplasm and ribosomes
34) Give an example of angiosperms.
Any flowering plant, grass
35) How do angiosperm plants reproduce?
Fertilization occurs inside the female carpel (pistol) Pollen sticks to the stigma, then travels down the style to the ovary. The pollen and ovule then produce a seed(s)
36) Define the following:
a. Monocot: 1 cotyledon (seed leaf), parallel veins, fibrous root system
b. Dicot: 2 cotyledons (seed leaves), network of veins, tap root system
37) What is the difference between xylem and phloem?
Xylem carries water and phloem carries nutrients
38) Fill in the chart for angiosperms:
39) Flower Type / # of Cotyledons / Veins in Leaf / Vascular Bundle Stem / # of flower petalsMonocot / 1 / parallel / random / 3
Dicot / 2 / Random network / Circular form / 4 or 5
40) Draw and label the reproductive parts of a flower. (include both male and female parts)