MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT AND ANIMAL HEALTH PROJECT
PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN
Volume III
(without ESMF and RPF)
FINAL REPORT
DECEMBER 2011
Contents
LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT AND ANIMAL HEALTH PROJECT
(I) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objectives of PMP
1.2Purpose
1.3Expected outputs
2.0METHODOLOGY
2.1Field Work
3.0 PEST AND VECTOR MANAGEMENT APPROACHES
3.1 Current and anticipated pest or disease problems
3.2 Poultry Production
3.3Relevant IPM/IVM experiences within the project area
4.0USE OF PESTICIDES, VETERINARY DRUGS AND MANAGEMENT
4.1 Review of present, proposed and/ or envisaged pesticide use
4.6. Principles in Selecting Insecticides.
4.6.1 Pesticides to be procured by the Project
4.6.2 Proper Use of Pesticides
4.6.3 Environmental and Health Risks
4.6.4 Mitigation Measures
5.0POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
5.1 Policies on Plant and Animal Protection
5.1.2Existence of a National IPM/IVM Policy
5.2Description and assessment of the national capacity to develop and Implement ecologically-based IPM
5.3Assessment of the country’s regulatory framework for the control of the distribution and use of pesticides
5.4Assessment of the institutional capacity to enforce the above mentioned legislation
6.0STRENGTHENING OF NATIONAL CAPACITIES.
7.0 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PMP
8.0 Monitoring and Evaluation Plan and Budget
8.1 Monitoring and Evaluation
8.2 Local Monitoring Activities during the Project Implementation
8.2External supervision monitoring activities during the implementation period.
8.3. Budget (Tentative only to be upgraded in the next draft report after finalising the costs)
9.0 REFERENCES
10.0 ANNEXES
10.1ANNEX 1 Terms of Reference
10.2Annex 2 Environmental Risk Assessment Matrix
10.3Annex 3 List of Stakeholders Consulted/or earmarked for consultations
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLE 1: Breakdown of the major cattle diseases in Zambia
TABLE 2: Relevant IPM/IVM experiences within the project area
TABLE 3: WHO hazard classification schedule for pesticides
TABLE 4: Pesticides registered for use on livestock pests/vectors
TABLE 5: Pesticide and Environmental legislation in Zambia
TABLE 6: Assessment of Institutional and Financial capacity to enforce pesticide legislation
TABLE 7.1: Action plan to strengthen the national capacities to improve pesticide regulatory system and implement IPM/IVM
TABLE 7.2: Action plan to strengthen the national capacities to promote implementation of IPM/IVM in the project
TABLE 8: Budget summary for implementation of PMP
FIGURE 1: Livestock diseases distribution map
FIGURE 2: Current distribution pattern of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, the main vector ECF
ACRONYMS
AU / African UnionCBPP / Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia
CSO / Central Statistical Office
CVRI / Central veterinary Research Institute.
ECF / East Coast Fever
EPPCA / Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act
ESMF / Environmental and Social Management Framework
FAO / Food Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
FGDs / Focus Group Discussions
FMD / Foot and Mouth Disease
GIFAP / International Federation of National Associations of Pesticide Manufactures
GRZ / Government of the Republic of Zambia
IPM / Integrated Pest Management
IVM / Integrated Vector Management
KATI / Kasisi Agricultural Training Institute
LDAHP / Livestock Development and Animal Health Project
M&E / Monitoring and Evaluation
MACO / Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
MoH / Ministry of Health
MOAL / MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK
MoLGH / Ministry of Local government and Housing
MoLSS / Ministry of Labour and Social services
MTENR / Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources
NALEIC / National Livestock, Epidemiology and Information Centre
NEPAD / New Partnerships for Africa’s Development
NGO / Non-Governmental Organisation
NIPs / National Implementation Plans for the Management of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)in Zambia
NRDC / Natural Resources Development College
OIE / Office International des Epizooties
OP 4.09 / Operational policy of World Bank on Pest Management
PATTEC / Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign
PMP / Pest Management Plan
PPE / Personal Protection Equipment
SANBIO / Southern Africa Network on Biosciences
TOR / Terms Of Reference
UNZA / University of Zambia
US$ / United States Dollar
WB / World Bank
WHO / World Health Organisation
ZARI / Zambia Agricultural Research Institute
ZEMA / Zambia Environmental Management Agency
ZIAH / Zambia Institute of Animal Health
ZNFU / Zambia National Farmers Union
ZRA / Zambia Revenue Authority
PMP
(I)EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) through the MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK (MOAL) is seeking a concessionary credit from the International Development Association (IDA) for implementing the Livestock Development and Animal Health Project (LDAHP). The Pest Management Plan (PMP) addresses the following major issues, namely:
(i)Pest and Vector Management approaches;
(ii)Pesticide use and management;
(iii)Policy, regulatory Framework and institutional capacity; and
(iv)Monitoring and Evaluation
As a result of the potential negative impacts anticipated the World Bank Safeguard Policy OP 4.09 for Pest Management has been triggered by the project.
The Pest Management Plan (PMP) has been prepared to provide guidance for the management of (the) major livestock pests and diseases. The Plan will contribute to improved pest management, personal safety and environmental sustainability. The PMP has been prepared to meet the demands of the World Bank Operational Policy 4.09. The policy supports an integrated approach to pest management and the content has been guided by the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the PMP assignment (See Annex1.1).
(II)Methodology
Preparation of the Pest Management Plan has involved review of relevant literature and interaction with key stakeholders(Government, NGOs, farmers‘organisations and Research institutions) using structured and open-ended interviews.The process also involved field visits to the main chemical companies supplying pesticides in Zambia. Farmers in selected provinces and districts were consulted.Questionnaires were used to gather baseline data on the farmers’experiences on the use of synthetic pesticides and nonchemical control methods used to protect their livestock from animal diseases and pests.
(III)Pest and Vector Management Approaches
1.3.1 The current livestock population in Zambia consists of 3 million herds of cattle, 82,281 sheep, 953,757 goats, 343,195 pigs and 12 million chickens. Ticks and tick-borne diseases were a major constraint to cattle production and included East Coast fever, Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis and Heartwater. Other cattle diseases included Foot and Mouth Disease(FMD), Contangious Bovine Pleuropneumonia(CBPP)(ECF) and Anthrax. Tsetse and trypanosomiasis in cattle and human wasstill a serious constraint to livestock production.
The soft tick, Ornithodorus moubata transmitted the serious viral diseasethe African Swine fever in pigs.
The major diseases for poultry,particulally in rural areas,areNewcastle Disease(ND), followed by worm infections, mycoplasmosis, mites, and coccidiosis.
(IV) Relevant IVM/IPM Experiences in Zambia
Method / Details / Status/ scope for adoption1.ECF vaccine / Developed using local isolates of ECF disease / Successful and should be taken up by the project as an IPM approach
2.Strategic dipping of cattle with acaricides / Method involves monitoring of populations of tick vectors on the animals and in pasture and dipping of cattle only when set tick infestation thresholds on cattle are met / Successful and cost effective,
Scope for expansion as an IPM initiative
3.Dipping of cattle with deltamethrin / Cattle are sprayed or a pour-on formulation of deltamethrin is applied along the back of the animal from head to the tail. The insecticide kills both ticks and tsetse fly. Biting flies are also controlled / Successful and most ideal in tsetse infested area to control both ticks and tsetse fly. Thetreated cattle are the so called mobile target. Ideal for adoption as an IPM approach
4.Use of herbal water extracts of local plants / Local plants such as Tephrosia Vogelii water extracts of leaves are used to spray cattle to control ticks
Many other plants have been documented as acaricides in Zambia / Approach has been proven to be effective in controlling ticks on cattle. The method is being tested on a pilot scale in Zambia and the region. Very ideal as an IPM approach already being pilot tested by NEPAD.SANBIO
5. Pasture spelling of cattle / Grazing of cattle controlled using pasture spelling to starve ticks in the pasture to death by denying them the host cattle / Method has been successful in Australia where there is only one host tick. It is a big challenge in Zambia because of the presence of multi host ticks and that grazing areas are communal and not fenced. Poses a big challenge because of the issue of communal grazing land and the existence of multi-host ticks
6. Breeding for host resistance in cattle against ticks / Tick resistant cattle are selected by breeding especially using the local breeds for resistance to tick infestation / Has been tried but the biggest challenge is again with the multi-host ticks in Zambia. The potential for further development as an IPM approach is good.
7. The use of village chickens to detick cattle / The method involves using village chickens to detick cattle by eating the ticks when the cattle are at homesteads or in kraals. The method was tested by ICIPE / It was shown to be quite effective and with time cattle got used to being deticked and would actually lie down to allow the chickens climb on them. Method could be adopted at village levels. Such animals should not be sprayed to safeguard the chickens
8.0 Use of Targets for tsetse control / Method involves the use of cloth material impregnated with a pyrethroid insecticide and baiting it with a tsetse fly attractant odour to lure the tsetse flies to the target and then get killed by the insecticide on the trap material. These targets are deployed in tsetse infested areas to control tsetse. / The technique has been shown to be very effective and has been used to create buffer zones between tsetse infested areas and those earmarked for eradication. It can also be used to mop-up residual populations of tsetse. Very ideal for use in the project area
9. Aerial spray by selective ULV formulation of deltamethrin against tsetse / Large tsetse infested areas were sprayed in the region involving Botswana, Namibia, Angola and Zambia using a ULV formulation of deltamethrin at very low doses of 0.26 g/ha by aircrafts. Tsetse has been cleared from Botswana, Namibia and parts of Zambia and Angola where spraying took place. / Method was successful and environmental impact against non target organisms not significant.
Method is expensive and needs to be applied on an area-wide basis and not targeting small populations at a time.
10. Use of herbal extracts to control poultry diseases / Several rural households have been documented to use herbal extracts in drinking water to control Newcastle disease and other poultry diseases.
Some plants are even smoked in poultry houses to control mites / Methods should be field tested in the project areas for the control of Newcaslte disease and others because of the challenges of maintaining the cold chain for vaccines in rural areas
(V) Pesticide use and management
Several pesticides are registered for sale on the Zambian markert. However, most of the pesticides registered for use on livestock are classfied as class II( moderately toxic, class III (slightly toxic) and others were in class IV (practically non-toxic in normal use) on the WHO classification of Pesticide hazards. Data of pesticide available on the market and the use pattern and the associated problems of handling, distribution, disposal and storage at the manufacturing companies and in the field are still being processed.
(VI) Policy, regulatory Framework and institutional capacity
(a) Policies on plant and animal protection
The Pest, Plant and Diseases Act of 1994 provides for the control of pests of locally grown crops and those likely to be brought through imported plant products. In the case of the Animal Health Act of 2010, serious outbreaks of diseases like CBPP, FMD, trypanosomiasis and Rinderpest among others are controlled by the Government. However, the Government has invited public-private partnership in the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases with the Government providing extension servicesand the private sector providing veterinary drugs and pesticides. Cattle farmers have also been given the responsibility to control ticks and tick –borne diseases on their own.
(b)Existence of a National IPM/IVM Policy
The LDAHP has triggered the World Bank safeguard policy OP/BP 4.09, for Pest Management. However, Zambia does not have an Integrated Pest Management Policy to which stakeholders can relate to. The legislative tools currently being used in the country are not related to any IPM policy even though several IPM initiatives are being undertaken by many research programs(Table below)
(VII) Pesticide and Environmental Legislation in Zambia
Environmental component / Responsible Agency / Title and date of legislation / Purpose of the legislationAgriculture / MACO/ZARI / Plant, Pests and Diseases control Act of 1994 / Regulates the importation of plant products into Zambia and the exportation of the same. It also regulates the use of pesticides in crop protection.
Livestock / MOAL/Veterinary Dept. / Animal Health Act of 2010 / Control of animal diseases
Livestock / Veterinary and Para Veterinary Professions Act of 2010 / Registration of veterinary professionals and maintenance of code of ethics
Livestock / Herd Book Society/ Vet. Dept / The Livestock Identification, Registration and Traceability Act of 2010 / Ensure identity and traceability of cattle in the country
Livestock / Cattle Slaughter Control Act of 2010 / Control of cattle slaughter
Livestock / The Dairy Industry Development Act of 2010 / Development of the dairy industry
Agric,Livestock and Health / ZARI/Vet Dept/NISIR/SCCI / Bio-Safety Act of 2007 / Protection of food safety and prevention of imports of GMO Food and Feeds
Health / Ministry of Health / Public Health Act No 22 of 1995 / Prevention and suppression of diseases pertaining to public health
Water Resources / Water Affairs / Water Resources Management Act of 2010 / Management of water resources through the Councils
Environment, Livestock, Agric, Health / ECZ / Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act of 1990 / Protection and Conservation of the Environment
Environment / ECZ / Pesticides and Toxic Substances Regulation of 1994 / Registration of Pesticides and toxic substances
Environment / ZEMA Act of 2011 / environmental protection
(VIII)Conclusions
It is conclusive that the current pesticide legislation instruments in the Country are not consistent with the WBIPM/IVM policy.
It is therefore important that these instruments are revisited in order to put in place supportive legislation to support the implementation of the IPM/IVM policy.
Compliance with the safeguard policy OP 4.09 could be supported by research institutions.
The Pesticides and toxic substances regulations of 1994 provide for a pesticide distributor and user licensing scheme which should be revisited to allow for licensing of only IPM/IVM compatible pesticides.
The institutional and financial capacities to enforce the pesticide legislation is low and it is important that support is provided for infrastructure development and training of human resources.
Local research institutions should be equipped to provide IPM technologies.
Implementation of the proposed PMPguidelines
(a) Measures to promote the implementation of the IPM/IVM policy:
Reduce the use of chemical pesticides by strictly enforcing legal instruments by restricting the sale or use of Class I(a) and I(b) pesticides to licensed end users.
Submitting proposals to Government for strict observance of FAO guides on pesticides.
Mobilize resources to support research into IPM technologies.
To amend the pesticide legislation in order to provide for the registration of IPM compatible pesticides.
Upgrade the awareness of IPM policy implementation among farmers .
Reinforce the construction of animal health protection facilities at grass-roots level.
Measures should be taken to improve management capacity, training of staff on IPM
Recruitment of more staff and enhance institutional arrangements to open up cooperation and collaboration.
Train farmers on IPM, safe use and disposal of pesticides and biomedical waste.
Monitoring Evaluation
The main issues of the M&E are raised in the implementation plan so that IPM policy becomes a reality in Zambia.
The M&E plan for local monitoring and external monitoring would ensure that implementation responsibilities facilitate action towards attainment of the objective for preparing the PMP namely, improving livestock productionby adopting IPM friendly technologies, reducing health threats to human and environment and increasing farm level incomes and trade in livestock products.
The tentative budget for all activities related to PMP are estimated at US $ 800,000 per province and for the seven provinces it comes to US$5.6 million, this budget will be adjusted after consultations with MOAL.
1.0INTRODUCTION
The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) through the MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK(MOAL) is seeking a concessionary credit from the International Development Association (IDA) for implementing the Livestock Development and Animal Health Project (LDAHP).
The Livestock Development and Animal Health Project Component (1Component 1: Livestock Services Provision (US$24.4 million). The objectives of this component are to: (i) strengthen the zoonotic and contagious animal diseases surveillance and control systems, including laboratory diagnostic capacities; (ii) build institutional capacity within the MoAL to improve service delivery; and (iii) improve the capacity to monitor food safety of facilities (slaughterhouses, milk collection centers, etc.) in the targeted project areas. These interventions will generate bio-medical waste and increased use of pesticides that could lead to adverse impacts on the environment and human health, if not properly managed.Component 2: Productive On-farm Investments(US$18 million): The objective of this component is to improve productivity of identified production systemsthrough support to on-farm investments. In the smallholder sector, the priority wouldbe to introduce technologies that reduce livestock mortality particularly in young stock, improve reproductive efficiency and enable animals to quickly reach optimum slaughter weight. Smallholder access to services and markets would be improved through group formation, provision of essential livestock infrastructure, and delivery of improved technology packages by Ministry field staff augmented by Community Livestock Workers and private service providers. More specialized advisory services and technical packages would be made available through producer organizations. Support would also be provided for range and pasture improvement and utilization and dry season feeding technologies. This component will support the following sub-components: