New World Beginnings - 33,000 B.C. - 1769 A.D.
· The First Discoverers
o The ______ ____ ______ was formed during the Ice Age by glacial ice caps lowering the sea level.
· Ice Age Migrations
o Hunter-gatherers from _______ crossed the land bridge following wild game and settled in the New World.
o These intrepid travelers became the ancestors of the Native Americans – in this sense they were the ______________ of America.
· The Corridor Closes
o Around 10,000 B.C. the ice caps began to melt and the land bridge disappeared cutting off the migrations.
· The Filling of the New World
o By the time of the European contact in 1492 it is estimated that __________ people inhabited the two continents.
· Diversity of Culture
o The Native Americans developed a great _________ of culture with over ____________ separate languages.
o Civilizations ranged from hunter-gathers to complex urbanized agricultural civilizations.
o The Native Americans established large, bustling cities, made strikingly accurate ____________ observations and had highly developed systems of ___________.
· Development of Agriculture
o The size and sophistication of Native American civilizations in Mexico and South America can best be attributed to the development of ___________.
o Agrarian systems were based on the “_____________” planting system of corn (maize), beans and squash – with ____ being the most important staple crop.
· Development Patterns
o Native American (Indian) civilization was more highly developed in _______ and _____ America.
o By the arrival of the Europeans much of North America was ________________ with vast areas virtually untouched.
o Most Native Americans in the _____ lived in small, scattered, and impermanent settlements.
· The Iroquois Confederacy
o One major exception to this in North America was the Iroquois Confederacy, which was able to dominate its neighbors through military _________, sustained by political and organizational skills.
· Indirect Discoverers
o _______ establish the colonies of Vinland in Nova Scotia around 1000 A.D.
o The Scandinavians lacked a centralized ____________ and so did not support these settlements.
· The Crusaders
o The Christian crusaders were indirectly responsible for the discovery of America because they brought back news of valuable Far Eastern ______, drugs, and silk
· Marco Polo
o The Venetian trader Marco Polo also brought back stories of the wealth of the orient.
· Reasons for Exploration
o The ___________
o Political ___________ and the rise of ________ monarchs.
o ___________ ____________ and Counter-___________
o Italian _____ monopoly and the fall of Constantinople to the _______.
· Spanish Reconquista
o Europeans wanted to discover a new, shorter route to eastern Asia in order to break the hold that ______ merchants had on trade with Asia, reduce the price of goods from Asia and gain more profits for themselves.
· Early Exploration
o Portugal under Prince _____ the Navigator wanted to establish a trade route to the East around Africa.
· The Caravel
o The development of the new sailing ship the Caravel allowed for closer sailing ___________.
o The new technology allowed the Portuguese to begin sailing south along the coast of Africa.
· Bartholomew Diaz
· In 1487, Diaz rounded the Cape of _________ at the southern tip of Africa, but the fear of mutiny forced him to return to Portugal._ _Vasco da Gama
o Da Gama, with the aid of an Arab pilot, made a successful journey across the Arabian Sea to the ______ port of Calicut.
o He returned with a great ______ in spices.
· The Plantation System
o Plantation _______ was established in Africa by the Portuguese.
· Spain and Glory
o Spain was united into a single nation-state when the African Moors were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula.
o This event (the ___________) was brought about by the unification of the Houses of Aragon and Castile with the marriage of ________ of Castille and _________ of Aragon.
· Christopher Columbus
o Genovese sailor / navigator - he persuaded Queen Isabella of Castille of the possibility of finding a direct route to Asia by the ____ across the Atlantic.
o He set sail on August 3, 1492 with three ships - the Ni?a, The Pinta, and the Santa Maria.
o He landed on San Salvador Island on October 12 believing he had reached the outskirts of the ______._
o Columbus would go to his death believing he had found a new route to the Indies.
o His name for the native peoples, _______, would stick.
· Catholic Conflict
o The Spanish and the Portuguese sought intercession from the ____ to avoid conflict over the new lands.
o Treaty of ___________ divided the new lands between Spain in the west and Portugal in the east.
· Economic Contact
o A new interdependent global economic system emerged after Columbus's discovery
o Europe provided _______, __________ and _______.
o While the New World provided the _____________.
· The Old and New World Exchange
o Plants and animals from distant ecosystems were introduced and exchanged.
o From Europe: apple, peach, citrus, eggplant, olive, sugar cane.
· Population Explosion
o The introduction of American plants around the world resulted in rapid _________________ in Europe.
· Price Revolution
o The flood of precious metal from the New World to Europe resulted in a _____ revolution that raised prices causing _________.
o Gold and Silver from the New World also led to the growth of __________
· Animals were brought from Europe:
o Horses, Pigs, Cattle,
· Europeans also brought diseases.
o Smallpox, Malaria, Yellow Fever
o Native American populations were quickly decimated.
o It is estimated that ____of the native population died within a century.
· Explorers and Conquistadors
o _____ became the leading European explorer and colonizer of the New World
· Major Explorers
o Ponce _______ explored Florida in search of the “Fountain of Youth.”
o ________ explored the desert southwest in search of the “Seven Cities of Cibola.”
o Hernando _______ explored the South and crossed the Mississippi River.
o Vasco ______ crossed the Isthmus of Panama and saw the Pacific Ocean.
o Ferdinand ________ sailed around the tip of South America and his crew finished the first circumnavigation of the globe.
· Conquistadors
o Spanish Conquistadors both explored and conquered parts of the Caribbean, Central America, South America and Mexico.
· Notable Conquistadors
o Hernan ______ destroyed the Aztec Empire in 1521.
o Francisco _______ defeated the Incas in 1532.
· The Encomienda System
o The institution of encomienda allowed the European governments to give Indians to colonists if they promised to ____________ them.
o The Spanish soldiers and missionaries __________ and killed thousands of Native Americans.
· The Spread of Spanish Culture.
o By the end of the 16th century Spain began to fortify and settle its ________ borderlands in order to protect its southern domains from encroachments by _______ and ______.
o A Spanish expedition established the settlement of New Mexico in ____.
o By this time Mexico had many large cities.
· Pope’s Rebellion
o In 1680 the ______ Indians destroyed every Catholic Church in the province of New Mexico , but the Spanish returned by the 1700s.
· Texas and California
o The Spanish began to establish strings of forts and missions in _____ and __________ during the 1700s.