Review #9 – Chapters 40 – 51

Physiology and Embryology

  1. Which o f the following is required in ALL living things in order for gas exchange to occur?
  2. Lungs
  3. Gills
  4. Moist membranes
  5. Blood
  6. Lymph
  1. In animals, all of the following are associated with embryonic development EXCEPT
  2. Gastrulation
  3. Cleavage
  4. Depolarization
  5. Organogenesis
  6. Cell migration
  1. Which of the following is most likely to result in a release of epinephrine (adrenaline) from the adrenal gland?
  2. Falling asleep in front of the TV
  3. Watching a golf tournament
  4. Doing yoga
  5. Taking a test without having studied for it
  6. Being in the kitchen while dinner is being cooked
  1. Oxygen is transported in human blood by which type of cell?
  2. Erythrocytes
  3. Leukocytes
  4. Phagocytes
  5. B cells
  6. Platelets
  1. The proximal tubules in the kidney reabsorb most of which of the following compounds?
  2. H+
  3. Proteins
  4. H2O
  5. HCO3-
  6. C6H12O6
  1. Salivary amylase, an enzyme secreted in saliva, begins the breakdown of which substance?
  2. Starches
  3. Proteins
  4. Lipids
  5. Nucleic acids
  6. Polypeptides

Questions 7 – 11 Matching

  1. ovary
  2. thyroid gland
  3. posterior pituitary gland
  4. adrenal medulla
  5. anterior pituitary gland
  1. Releases hormones that raise blood glucose level, increase metabolic activities, and constrict blood vessels
  2. Releases at least six different hormones, including several tropic hormones
  3. Releases hormones that stimulate the mammary gland cells and contraction of the uterus
  4. Releases hormones that stimulate growth of the uterine lining and promote the development of female secondary sex characteristics
  5. Releases hormones that stimulate and maintain metabolic processes
  1. Blood constitutes which of the following tissue types?
  2. epithelial tissue
  3. connective tissue
  4. nervous tissue
  5. vascular tissue
  6. glandular tissue
  1. The three types of muscle in the body are
  2. Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
  3. Skeletal, vascular, and smooth
  4. Skeletal, cardiac, and rough
  5. Skeletal, cardiac, and striated
  6. Skeletal, vascular, and smooth
  1. Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?
  2. The movement of sodium across a membrane through a transport protein and the movement of potassium in the opposite direction through the same transport
  3. The pressure of the baby’s head against the uterine wall during childbirth stimulates uterine contractions, which causes greater pressure against the uterine wall, which produces still more contractions
  4. The growth of a population of bacteria in a Petri dish until it has used all its nutrients and its subsequent decline
  5. A heating system in which the heat is turned off when the temperature exceeds a certain point and is turned on when the temperature falls below a certain point
  6. The progress of a chemical reaction until equilibrium is reached and then cycling back and forth of reactant to product
  1. Which of the following mechanisms does NOT help prevent the gastric juice from digesting the stomach lining?
  2. Pepsin is stored and secreted as pepsinogen
  3. Mucus lines the inside surface of the stomach
  4. Mitosis generates enough new cells to replace the stomach lining every few days
  5. Gastric juice is not secreted continuously
  6. Pepsin activates pepsinogen by a chain reaction
  1. Which of the following has a diet that consists solely of autotrophs?
  2. Omnivore
  3. Carnivore
  4. Herbivore
  5. Detritovore
  6. Frugivore
  1. The four stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and
  2. Incorporation
  3. Circulation
  4. Elimination
  5. Excretion
  6. Cellular uptake
  1. Hydras possess which of the following type of digestive system?
  2. Food vacuole
  3. Complete digestive tract
  4. Alimentary canal
  5. Lumen
  6. Gastrovascular cavity
  1. Which of the following is the site of the production of bile?
  2. Gallbladder
  3. Small intestine
  4. Prostate
  5. Pancreas
  6. Liver
  1. The primary sites of carbohydrate digestion are which of the following structures?
  2. Mouth and large intestine
  3. Mouth and stomach
  4. Stomach and small intestine
  5. Mouth and small intestine
  6. Small intestine and colon
  1. Pepsin in the stomach is primarily responsible for the breakdown of which type of molecule?
  2. Starches
  3. Proteins
  4. Lipids
  5. Nucleic acids
  6. Glycogens
  1. Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for reabsorbing water from the alimentary canal?
  2. Small intestine
  3. Nephron
  4. Glomerulus
  5. Colon
  6. Cecum
  1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true about mammalian circulatory systems?
  2. The pulmonary circuit carries blood between the heart and the lungs
  3. The systemic circuit carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body
  4. Mammals have two atria and two ventricles in their hearts
  5. A mammal uses about 10 times as much oxygen as a lizard of the same size
  6. The left side of a mammal’s heart sends blood to the lungs
  1. A transport system in which blood bathes the organs directly is termed
  2. An open circulatory system
  3. A closed circulatory sytem
  4. A cardiovascular system
  5. A gastrovascular system
  6. A gastrovascular cavity system
  1. Which of the following carry blood away from the heart?
  2. Benules
  3. Veins
  4. Arteries
  5. Capillaries
  6. Atria
  1. In the mammalian heart, the sinoatrial (SA) node is responsible for whichof the following functions?
  2. Delaying the nerve impulse to the walls of the ventricle
  3. Controlling the atrioventricular valve
  4. Controlling the semilunar valves
  5. Setting the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contraction
  6. Monitoring stroke volume
  1. Fluid and proteins lost from the capillaries are returned to the blood via
  2. the venous system
  3. the arteriole system
  4. the lymphatic system
  5. capillary beds
  6. the hemolymph system
  1. All of the following are components of blood EXCEPT
  2. Red blood cells
  3. White blood cells
  4. Platelets
  5. Leukocytes
  6. Lymph
  1. Red blood cells are produced in which of the following structures?
  2. The heart
  3. The blood vessels
  4. Bone
  5. Muscles
  6. Masses of other blood cells
  1. Which of these is the organ of respiration for a spider?
  2. Lungs
  3. The skin
  4. Tracheal system
  5. Malpighian tubules
  6. Book lungs
  1. In the blood, carbon dioxide is primarily transported in what way?
  2. By hemoglobin
  3. By hemocyanin
  4. As carbon monoxide
  5. As bicarbonate
  6. In erythrocytes
  1. All of the following are first-line barriers against infectious agents EXCEPT
  2. Skin
  3. Nasal membranes
  4. Saliva
  5. Mucous secretions
  6. Phagocytes
  1. An immune response to a specific antigen generates the production of which type of cell that launches an attack the next time that same antigen infects the body?
  2. Effector cells
  3. Memory cells
  4. T cells
  5. B cells
  6. Antibodies
  1. All of the following are ways by which organisms exchange heat EXCEPT
  2. Transference
  3. Conduction
  4. Convectin
  5. Radiation
  6. Evaporation
  1. Which of the following animals is most likely an ectoderm?
  2. Human
  3. Snake
  4. Bird
  5. Monkey
  6. Dolphin
  1. The Malpighian tubules are the organs that constitute the excretory system of which of the following animals?
  2. Planaria
  3. Humans
  4. Fishes
  5. Insects
  6. Annelids
  1. The ball of capillaries that is associated with the nephron and associated with filtration in the kidney is
  2. The Bowman’s capsule
  3. The loop of Henle
  4. The proximal tubule
  5. The glomerulus
  6. The distal tubule

Questions 38 – 42 Matching

  1. vitreous humor
  2. cone cell
  3. Eustachian tube
  4. Cochlea
  5. Taste bud
  1. A photoreceptor sensitive to bright light and color
  2. A fluid-filled coiled organ with sensory hair cells
  3. Constitutes most of the volume of the eye
  4. Equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere
  5. A receptor that can be stimulated by a broad range of chemicals
  1. Muscle cell contraction occurs via
  2. contraction of the A band
  3. contraction of the I band
  4. contraction of the Z lines
  5. the sliding of the thin filaments by the thick filaments
  6. The contraction of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  7. The succession of rapid cell division that follows fertilization is called
  8. Gastrulation
  9. Cleavage
  10. Morulation
  11. Involution
  12. Polarization
  1. The circuit of a sensory neuron, the spinal cord, a motor neuron, and an effector cell constitutes a
  2. Presynaptic sequence
  3. Reflex arc
  4. Nerve circuit
  5. Nerve impulse
  6. Salutatory conduction system
  1. Which of the following is released into the synaptic cleft and acts as an intercellular messenger?
  2. Sodium
  3. Chloride
  4. Neurotransmitter
  5. Action potential
  6. Voltage gradient
  1. An egg cell surrounded by one or two layers of cells is called a
  2. Follicle
  3. Corpus luteum
  4. Oviduct
  5. Endometrium
  6. Uterus
  1. Sperm are formed in the
  2. Leydig cells
  3. Prostate gland
  4. Seminal vesicles
  5. Seminiferous tubules
  6. Baculum
  1. The regulation of the internal environment in animals is referred to as
  2. Equilibrium
  3. Stasis
  4. Homeostasis
  5. Regulation
  6. Feedback
  1. Fertilization – the fusion of egg and sperm cell – results in which of the following?
  2. Embryo
  3. Zygote
  4. Gamete
  5. Ovum
  6. Follicle
  1. Fixed action patterns (FAPs) are instigated by which of the following?
  2. Mating behavior
  3. Ritual behavior
  4. Innate stimulus
  5. Sign stimulus
  6. Action potential
  1. One morning, a woman who usually feeds her two cats in the morning passes by the food bowl without putting food in it. The cats usually run over to the bowl as she approaches it, but after four mornings of her passing the bowl without putting food in it, the cats no longer run over to the bowl. This is an example of
  2. Maturation
  3. Imprinting
  4. Habituation
  5. Foraging
  6. Sensitivity
  1. Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate when they heard the ring of a particular bell; this is an example of
  2. Classical conditioning
  3. Operant conditioning
  4. Sensitivity
  5. Imprinting
  6. Maturation
  1. The phenomenon in which young ducks following their mother in a line is a result of which of the following?
  2. Habituation
  3. Imprinting
  4. Maturation
  5. Foraging
  6. Conditioning
  1. Altruism exists in populations because
  2. It deprives members of the species of territory and results in agonistic behavior
  3. It can result in the passing on of the altruistic member’s genes
  4. It can result in the overall success of the ecosystem
  5. It can result in a bond between the altruistic member and the recipient of the altruism, and the recipient might later reciprocate the altruism
  6. It can result in the maximizing of the altruistic member’s genetic representation in a population, if the altruistic member’s behavior is directed toward a close relative
  1. Which of the following is the best description of smooth muscle?
  2. Spindle-shaped cells; involuntary control
  3. Striated, branching cells; involuntary control
  4. Spindle-shaped cells connected by intercalated disks; voluntary control
  5. Striated cells containing overlapping filaments; involuntary control
  6. Spindle-shaped striated cells; voluntary control
  1. Which of the following are INCORRECTLY paired?
  2. Blood – erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in plasma
  3. Bone – osteoblasts embedded in mineral matrix
  4. Loose connective tissue – collagenous, elastic, reticular fibers
  5. Adipose tissue – loose connective tissue with fat-storing cells
  6. Fibrous connective tissue – chondrocytes embedded in chondroitin sulfate
  1. The hepatic portal vein
  2. Supplies the capillaries of the intestines
  3. Carries absorbed nutrients to the liver for processing
  4. Carries blood from the liver to the heart
  5. Drains the lacteals of the villi
  6. Supplies oxygenated blood to the liver
  1. What moves a bolus of food down the esophagus to the stomach?
  2. The closing of the epiglottis over the glottis
  3. A lower pressure in the abdominal cavity compared to the oral cavity
  4. The contraction of the diaphragm and the opening of the sphincter to the stomach
  5. Peristalsis caused by waves of smooth muscle contraction
  6. The action of cilia coated by mucus
  1. During diastole
  2. The atria fill with blood
  3. Blood flows passively into the ventricles
  4. The elastic recoil of the arteries maintains hydrostatic pressure on the blood
  5. Semilunar valves are closed, but atrioventricular valves are open
  6. All of the above are occurring
  1. A heartbeat is initiated in humans by the
  2. SA node
  3. AV node
  4. Right atrium
  5. Superior and inferior venae cavae
  6. Left ventricle
  1. Blood flows more slowly in the arterioles than in the arteries because the arterioles
  2. Have thoroughfare channels to venules that are often closed off
  3. Collectively have a larger cross-sectional area than do the arteries
  4. Must provide opportunity for exchange with the interstitial fluid
  5. Have sphincters that restrict flow to capillary beds
  6. Are narrower than arteries
  1. The functions of the kidney include
  2. Production of the hormone erythropoietin to increase production of red blood cells
  3. Maintenance of electrolyte balance
  4. Destruction and recycling of red blood cells
  5. Both a and b
  6. a, b and c
  1. Fibrinogen is
  2. A blood protein that escorts lipids through the circulatory system
  3. A cell fragment involved in the blood-clotting mechanism
  4. A blood protein that is converted to fibrin to form a blood clot
  5. A leukocyte involved in trappipng viruses and bacteria
  6. A lymph protein that regulates osmotic balance in the tissues

Use the following to answer questions 65 – 68

  1. vena cava4. right atrium
  2. left ventricle5. aorta
  3. pulmonary vein6. pulmonary capillaries
  1. Which of the following sequences represents the flow of blood through the human body? (Obviously, many structures are not included.)
  2. 1-5-3-6-2-4
  3. 1-2-6-3-4-5
  4. 1-44-3-6-2-5
  5. 1-2-3-6-4-5
  6. 1-4-6-3-2-5
  1. In which vessel would blood pressure be the highest?
  2. 1 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6
  1. In which vessel would velocity of blood flow be the lowest?
  2. 1 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6
  1. Of these structures, which would have the thickest muscle layer?
  2. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
  1. The nurse tells you that your blood pressure is 112/70. What does the 70 refer to:
  2. Your heart rate
  3. The velocity of blood during diastole
  4. The systolic pressure from ventricular contraction
  5. The diastolic pressure from the recoil of the arteries
  6. The venous pressure caused by the compression of the blood pressure cuff
  1. Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its effect?
  2. Gastric juice – kills bacteria in the stomach
  3. Fever – may stimulate phagocytosis
  4. Histamine – causes blood vessels to dilate
  5. Vaccination – creates passive immunity
  6. Lysozyme – attacks cell walls of bacteria
  1. Antibodies are
  2. Proteins or polysaccharides usually found on the cell surface of invading bacteria or viruses
  3. Proteins embedded in T cell membranes
  4. Protein circulating in the blood that tag foreign cells for complement destruction
  5. Proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains
  6. c and d are both correct
  1. A secondary immune response is more rapid and greater in effect than a primary immune response because
  2. Histamines cause rapid vasodilation
  3. The second response is an active immunity, whereas the primary one was a passive immunity
  4. Helper T cells are available to activate other blood cells
  5. Chemical signals cause the rapid accumulation of phagocytic cells
  6. Memory cells respond to the pathogen and rapidly clone more effector cells
  1. Which is the correct pathway for the passage of urine in vertebrates?
  2. Collecting tubule  ureter  bladder  urethra
  3. Renal vein  renal ureter  bladder  urethra
  4. Nephron  urethra  bladder  ureter
  5. Cortex  medulla  bladder  ureter
  6. Renal pelvis  medulla  bladder  urethra
  1. The process of reabsorption in the formation of urine ensures that
  2. Excess H+ is removed from the blood
  3. Drugs and other poisons are removed from the blood
  4. Urine is always hyperosmotic to interstitial fluid
  5. Glucose, salts, and water are returned to the blood
  6. pH is maintained with a balance of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate
  1. What is the mechanism for the filtration of blood within the nephron?
  2. The active transport of Na+ and glucose, followed by osmosis
  3. Both active and passive secretion of ions, toxins, and NH3 into the tubule
  4. High hydrostatic pressure of blood forcing water and small molecules out of the capillary
  5. The high osmolarity of the medulla that was created by active and passive transport of salt from the tubule and passive diffusion of urea from the collecting duct
  6. A lower osmotic pressure in Bowman’s capsule compared to that in the glomerulus
  1. The anterior pituitary
  2. Stores oxytocin and ADH produced by the hypothalamus
  3. Receives releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus through portal vessels connecting the capillary
  4. Produces several releasing and inhibiting hormones
  5. Is responsible for nervous and hormonal stimulation of the adrenal glands
  6. Produces only tropic hormones
  1. Which of the following hormones is NOT involved with increasing the blood glucose concentration?
  2. Glucagons
  3. Epinephrine
  4. Glucocorticoids
  5. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
  6. Insulin
  1. Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its embryonic germ layer?
  2. Muscles – mesoderm
  3. Central nervous system – ectoderm
  4. Liver and pancreas – endoderm
  5. Heart – endoderm
  6. Notochord – mesoderm
  1. Which of the following is NOT true of the resting potential of a typical neuron?
  2. The inside of the cell is more negative than is the outside
  3. There are concentration gradients with more sodium outside the cell and a higher potassium concentration inside the cell
  4. It is about -70 mV and can be measured by using microelectrodes placed inside and outside the cell
  5. It is formed by the sequential opening of voltage-gated channels
  6. It results from the combined equilibrium potentials of potassium and sodium
  1. Interneurons
  2. May connect sensory and motor neurons
  3. Are more common in the PNS than the CNS
  4. Are involved in the integration of sensory information
  5. Typically have more axons than dendrites
  6. Both a and c are correct
  1. Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its function?
  2. axon hillock – region of neuron where action potential originates
  3. Schwann cells – create myelin sheath around axon in PNS
  4. Synapse – space between presynaptic and postsynaptic cell into which neurotransmitter is released
  5. Synaptic terminal – receptor that is part of an ion channel that is keyed to a specific neurotransmitter
  6. Dendrite – receives signals from other neurons
  1. Why is signal transmission faster in myelinated axons?
  2. these axons are thinner, and there is less resistance to the voltage flow
  3. these axons use electrical synapses rather than chemical synapses
  4. the action potential can jump from node to node along the insulating myelin sheath
  5. these axons are thicker and provide less resistance to voltage flow
  6. these axons have higher depolarization values than do unmyelinated axons
  1. Which of the following animals is mismatched with its nervous system?
  2. Sea star (echinoderm)