True/ False from chapter 12
A. Personality refers to one's typical way of behavior that differentiates a person from others. T
B. A trait refers to a relatively enduring pattern of behavior that is relatively consistent across situations. T
C. Acceptance is one of the Big Five personality traits. F
D. People who live in individualistic cultures are more likely than people who live in collectivistic cultures to work hard to meet their own personal goals as opposed to the goals of others. T
E. Freud's theory of personality is known as humanistic theory. F
F. In Freudian theory, the phallic stage refers to a period of time when the genitals become a primary source of pleasure. T
G. Karen Horney believed that Freud placed too much importance on sexual conflicts. T
H. Self-efficacy refers to the idea that we learn from the environment but also that the environment changes because of us. F
I. The internal force that motivates humans to grow and improve is known as inner-directedness. T
J. The id is the subjective perception of who we are and what we are like. F
K. If during a personality assessment the examiner merely watched the person being assessed, this would be an example of the use of the interview method. F
L. Based on the research, projective tests are highly successful at predicting future behavior. F
Multiple Choice Options
1. The term ____________ refers to the sum total of all of the ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that are typical for a person and make that person different from all other individuals. A)uniqueness B)trait C)personality D)individuality
2. Emma is consistently kind, helpful, and intelligent. In terms of the subfield of personality psychology, we are technically describing Emma's A)traits. B)values. C)humanity. D)demeanor.
3. Edie is a worried, high-strung, insecure woman. She is usually nervous and self-conscious. Using the Five-Factor Model, what can be said about Edie's personality traits? A)She is low in neuroticism. B)She is high in neuroticism. C)She is low in agreeableness. D)She is high in extraversion.
4. Based on findings from cross-cultural research, which of the following women is most likely to be characterized as friendly and motivated to work hard to meet goals set by her parents? A)Inge, who came to the United States as a college student from a small town in northern Sweden. B)Farida, who is from a Gujarati Brahmin family in India. C)Cora Jean, whose New England family traces its roots back to Pilgrim ancestors who came to America on the Mayflower. D)Deborah, whose Eastern European grandparents settled in San Francisco.
5. Which level of consciousness consists of memories that are not presently in awareness but can be easily brought into awareness? A)preconscious B)conscious C)unconscious D)subliminal
6. According to Freud, the ego operates according to A)primary process thinking. B)the pleasure principle. C)the reality principle. D)displacement.
7. Kevin looks up to his father and every day becomes more and more like him. Freud referred to this process as ____________ and saw it as the key step in the development of the superego. A)reaction formation B)identification C)sublimation D)displacement
8. Sam is two and a half years old. He runs into the kitchen to get his mother and proudly shows her how he went to the bathroom all by himself. Sam is successfully moving through which stage of psychosexual development? A)anal B)oral C)phallic D)genital
9. Ted and Jeffrey are impulsive and lack genuine feeling for others. They also exhibit egocentric selfishness. According to Freud, they have which type of personality? A)anal retentive B)anal expulsive C)oral aggressive D)b
10. 1In his research with different cultures, Carl Jung found support for his concept of the A)inferiority complex. B)personal unconscious. C)collective unconscious. D)collective conscious.
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Karen Horney not only believed that Freud placed too much emphasis on sexual conflicts, she also believed that A)humans possess both a personal unconscious and a collective unconscious. B)conflicts develop as the result of inadequate child-rearing experiences. C)the primary struggle in personality development is the effort to overcome feelings of inferiority in social relationships. D)Freud took a one-sided negative view of the human condition.
12. Professor Lublin states that the key concepts in the study of personality are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling. We can therefore assume that Professor Lublin adheres to which theory of personality? A)social learning B)behavioral C)humanistic D)psychoanalytic
13. Xander sees Buffy yelling at Angel and decides she must be upset, so he approaches her and says, "It looks like you're having a rough day." Appreciating the fact that her feelings have been acknowledged, Buffy sighs, smiles, and says, "Yes. Thanks for noticing." She now feels much better and Xander feels happy when he sees her smile. This example illustrates A)Jung's notion of the collective unconscious. B)Bandura's notion of reciprocal determination. C)Bem's person x situation interactionism. D)the Five-Factor trait of agreeableness.
14. Willi knows what she wants to do with her life and believes that she is able and willing to reach her goals even though they present many challenges. According to Bandura, Willi has a strong sense of A)self-esteem. B)self-efficacy. C)egotism. D)self-concept.
15. Elliott behaves differently in different situations. Which theory best explains this variability in Elliott's behavior? A)trait theory B)situationism C)behaviorism D)person x situation interactionism
16. Which of these is often referred to as "the third force in psychology"? A)self-actualization B)behaviorism C)psychoanalytic theory D)humanistic theory
17. Which situation is LEAST likely to create psychological problems? A)Jerry sees his "self" as very similar to his "ideal self." B)Jenny sees her "self" as very different from her "ideal self." C)Kerry sees herself much more positively than others see her. D)Kenny sees himself as worthwhile if he behaves as he believes he should behave.
18. Susan volunteers at a local homeless shelter. She is open and honest and has the courage to act on her convictions even when others criticize her for her strong sense of social conscience. Despite having an accurate view of people and life, she is positive about life and always finds new challenges that keep her life exciting. In Maslow's terms, Susan is A)self-deluded. B)self-actualized. C)self-fulfilled. D)extraverted.
19. Which theory of personality believes that people internalize society's standards of what is desirable and moral and that these standards guide our behavior? A)humanistic B)psychoanalytic C)social learning D)all three of these theories
20. The most widely used method of personality assessment is the A)projective personality test. B)objective personality test. C)interview. D)survey.
21. Yeh is taking a test that consists of 566 true/false questions, such as "I get along well with others" and "I am afraid of losing my mind." Yeh is taking which test? A)the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) B)the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) C)the Rorschach inkblot test D)the Stanford-Binet IQ test
22. Professor Windsor wants to find a test that will be useful in predicting his clients' future behavior and outcomes. Although he knows that personality tests are all far from perfect, he will get the best results by using A)the Rorschach inkblot test. B)the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). C)an objective test based in the five-factor model. D)a projective test based in the five-factor model.
23. Persons who score low on extraversion measures are said to be “Introverts”.
24. To prevent itself from being overwhelmed by excessive demands from the id and superego, the ego relies on A) reality principle; B) Pleasure principle; C) Oedipus Complex; D) Pleasure principle
25. Generally speaking, techniques such as the Rorschach and the TAT are ______ at predicting behavior. A) very good; B) not good; C) perfect; D) about 50% accurate
26. Generally speaking, techniques such as the Rorschach and the TAT are ______ at predicting behavior. A) permissive; B) divine; C) symmetrical; D) ancient
27. Most people intuitively understand that incest is wrong, even though they are not told this directly. Jung would explain that the incest taboo is part of the A) innate id; B) collective unconscious; C) collective superego; D) Electra complex
28. According to Freud, what are the three levels of consciousness? A) repressed conscious, preconscious, unconscious; B) unconscious, preconscious, personal conscious C) preconscious, collective unconscious, personal conscious; D) conscious, preconscious, unconscious
29. If you possess high levels of self-efficacy, this means that you A) can overcome feelings of anal-retentiveness; B) believe you are capable of achieving your goals; C) can control your own behavior in difficult environments; D) can communicate with others using fewer words
30. A major trait, like altruism, that dominates a person's life is described by Allport as a _______ trait A) dominant; B) central; C) primary; D) cardinal
31. Of Allport's categories of traits, which traits tend to describe a specific aspect of a person's personality? A) primary; B) secondary; C) cardinal; D) central
32. One personality theory called _______ suggests that behavior is consistent when the environment we inhabit remains consistent A) environmentalism; B) habitationism; C) situationism; D) socialization
33. The storage of primitive instinctual motives and memories and emotions threatening to the conscious mind are stored in the A) preconscious; B) conscious; C) unconscious; D) subconscious
34. Based on research, which of the following would best be attributed to someone living in a collectivistic culture? A) They are likely to resort to physical aggression when conflict occurs; B) They like to meet their own goals before meeting the company's goals; C) When they have time off, they spend it with friends or family; D) When they have conflict, they are likely to try to embarrass the other person
35. Children develop a superego through the process of A) repression; B) sublimation; C) fixation; D) identification
36. According to Maslow, self-actualized individuals have more ______ than non-self-actualized individuals A) sleepless nights; B) money and fame; C) peak experiences; D) inner directedness
37. According to Maslow, self-actualized individuals have more ______ than non-self-actualized individuals A) inner self is to outer self; B) self is to ideal self; C) symbolized self to idealized self; D) self concept is to persona
38. If a child feels loved and secure, Horney believed the child will A) develop a weak personality; B) experience little or no conflict; C) develop the need to be perfect; D) be envious of power and privilege
39. What type of task might a person be asked to do if taking a projective test? A) answer true/false questions; B) make up a story; C) respond on a 1 to 5 scale; D) fill in a computer scanning sheet
40. The first psychosexual stage in Freud's personality theory is the ______ stage A) anal; B) oral; C) phallic; D) latent
41. The Freudian part of personality called the id operates on the ______ principle A) reality; B) pain; C) pleasure; D) guilt
42. Allie is very shy during one-on-one encounters, but tends to be very outgoing in a group. Which viewpoint best explains her behavior? A) Cattell’s trait theory; B) conditions of worth; C) reciprocal determination; D) person x situation interactionism
43. You took a personality test, and the results indicated you were high in extraversion and moderate in agreeableness. These are examples of A) situational questions; B) surface traits; C) the big five personality traits; D) projective test results
44. The third force in psychology is known as the ______ theory of personality A) humanistic; B) situational; C) psychoanalytic; D) behavioral
45. In Horney's theory of personality, anxious insecurity is most likely the result of A) defense mechanisms; B) inadequate parenting; C) feelings of inferiority; D) opposing mental elements
46. A young boy feels guilty after looking through some adult sex magazines. In Freud's theory, the source of this guilt is the A) id; B) anal stage; C) ideal self; D) superego
47. If you believed in humanistic personality theories, which of the following would you be most inclined to agree with? A) Humans are pleasure-seeking creatures driven by lust, vengeance, and greed B) Each person is unique and strives to be valued for who she or he is; C) Human beings have no basic qualities; they are shaped by the environment; D) Each person is an individual and strives to develop the qualities that promote survival
48. In terms of the interests of society, the best form of displacement is referred to as: A) sublimation; B) regression; C) reaction formation; D) fixation
49. Which of the following Freudian terms is most closely synonymous with long-term memory? A) unconscious; B) preconcious; C) conscious; D) subconscious
50. The Oedipal complex and the Electra complex develop and are resolved during the: A) oral stage; B) anal stage; C) phallic stage; D) genital stage
51. According to Horney, the source of all psychological conflicts stems from: A) conflicts between the personal and collective unconscious; B) conflicts arising from inborn motives of the id. C) failure to symbolize unconscious thoughts.; D) the development of anxious insecurity
52. The personality theory attributed to Sigmund Freud is known as ______ theory. A) collectivistic; B) behavioral; C) humanistic; D) psychoanalytic
53. A humanist believes that the psychoanalytic view of the world, and especially personality, is: A) simplistic; B) on target; C) misguided; D) wrong
54. If you say that Karl will make a good college class president because he is outgoing and sensitive, you are subscribing to: A) humanism; B) trait theory; C) social learning theory; D) situationalism
55. If you knew someone with an extremely violent temper and aggressive attitude who became a boxer, you might suspect that the person was engaged in A) sublimation; B) repression; C) self-efficacy; D) a death instinct
56. Which of the following statements accurately describes a self-actualized person? A) they strive to be popular; B) they are committed to a cause; C) they work hard for their money; D) they are concerned about themselves
57. In Freud's analogy of the mind, the ______ mind is the tip of the iceberg visible above the surface A) conscious; B) preconscious; C) unconscious; D) subconscious
58. Generally speaking, collectivistic cultures tend to value: A) high-tech development over industrial development; B) membership as a part of a group; C) industrial development over agrarian development; D) the individuality of each person
59. When you are shown ambiguous pictures and you are asked to describe what you see and make up a story, then you are probably taking the: A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; B) Thematic Apperception Test; C) Stanford Binet; D) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator