Chapter 10 Handwriting Analysis, Forgery, and Counterfeiting
Introduction
Document analysts ______and ______questioned documents with known material.
Experts in the field investigate such things as ______, ______, commercial printing, ______, and _____.
They may study threatening, ______, or ______notes.
Their work can help identify a document’s ______.
History of Forensic Handwriting Analysis
In the 1930s, handwriting analysis played a role in the famous ______case.
In 1999, the United States Court of Appeals determined that ______qualified as a form of ______.
To be admissible in court, however, ______guidelines must be followed.
Handwriting analysis has been used by ______, the _____, and the Secret Service.
Introduction to Handwriting
Everyone’s handwriting shows natural variations. Here are 6 of the 12 major, specific traits.
The traits are functions of formatting or of letter or line form. Here are the other 6 of the 12 major, specific traits.
Handwriting Examination
Two writings are the product of one person if their similarities are ______and no ______are found.
- Examine the questionable document for ______and record them.
- Obtain some writing of the suspect’s (an ______) and compare the ______found in the questionable document with it.
- Draw conclusions about the ______of the questionable document based on the ______.
Technology Used in Handwriting Analysis
Biometric Signature Pads
This computerized pad “learns” to recognize how a person ______his or her name based on the ______, pressure, and ______of the signing.
Forgeries then are recognized by the detection of even ______differences.
Computerized Analysis of Handwriting
Computers can make ______comparisons between handwritings.
Suspect signatures can be compared with ones stored in ______.
Forgery
Forged documents can include such things as ______, employment records, ______, licenses, and ______.
Fraudulence is forgery done for ______gain.
Check forgery can include:
–ordering another’s checks from a ______.
–______a check.
–intercepting another’s check, ______, and cashing it.
–creating a check from ______.
Preventing Check Forgery
These are some methods used to prevent check forgery:
Literary Forgery
Letters or other documents written by ______can be very valuable.
The best literary forgers aim to ______the original document by using materials ______to those used for the original:
–_____ paper
–______materials to fake an older look
–inks mixed from ______that would have been used at the time
–______that add the appearance of age
–tools and ______that would have been popular at the time
Counterfeiting
Counterfeiting money is a crime stretching back into ______. Items most often forged today include:
–______
–traveler’s checks
–______
–certain bonds
–______
Counterfeit Currency
The Secret Service has worked with ______and ______makers to add security features to paper ______that makes forgery extremely difficult.
______cannot reproduce these security features.
The first security feature is the _____ of the paper.
Regular printer paper contains ______. Paper bills contain ______instead of starch.
Verifying Authentic Currency
Some features found in the new series bills:
Handwriting
Evidence in the Courtroom
The expert shows how ______were made.
The defense attorney likely will ______-______the handwriting expert.
Shortcomings in Analysis
A particular piece of handwriting can be ______from its usual style because of factors such as fatigue.
Experts can miss ______.
...... Summary
Handwriting analysis compares questioned documents with ______to establish authorship.
Aspects of a person’s ______can be analyzed to accomplish that.
Many new features of paper currency help prevent ______.
Technological advances have enhanced chances of ______forged documents.
Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations
•One of the most common ways to alter a document is to try to ______parts of it.
•______– the removal of writing, typewriting, or printing from a document, normally accomplished by either ______means or an ______instrument.
•______– a property exhibited by some dyes that emit infrared light when exposed to blue-green light.
•______– blotting out or smearing over writing or printing to make the original ______.
•______– any document that has become darkened and brittle through exposure to fire or excessive ______.
Other Document Problems
•______– impressions left on paper positioned ______a piece of paper that has been written on.
•An ______(ESDA) works by applying an electrostatic charge to a document suspected of containing ______writings.