NST 10: Fall 2014

MIDTERM EXAM 2 – Thursday, October 30, 2014

Instructions

- Use only a #2 pencil to fill out your scantron.

- No calculators or cell phones are allowed during the exam.

- Choose the BEST answer for each question.

Cheating will not be tolerated and can result in failing the course and expulsion. Please see the Center for Student Conduct’s website () for more information.

HONOR CODE STATEMENT

On my honor I confirm that I have neither given nor received any unauthorized aid on this exam.

______

Signature

- Please fill out the scantron exactly as instructed below:

•Print your NAME on the line provided

•Put your SECTION NUMBER and your OFFICIALGSI’S NAME on the subject line.

- When finished, show your ID to your GSI and turn your SCANTRON ONLY to the appropriate folder (indicated with GSI and test version).

- Keep this question sheet.

  1. You have version A of the exam. Please mark A for question 1.
  1. Non-essential amino acids:
  2. Cannot be produced within the body
  3. Must be consumed in the diet
  4. Can be synthesized within the body via transamination or deamination
  5. Can cause deficiency symptoms if not consumed regularly
  6. Both a, b, and d are correct
  1. What is the adult Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for protein intake?
  2. 0.6 g/kg
  3. 0.8 g/kg
  4. 1.2 g/kg
  5. 1.8 g/kg
  6. 2.0 g/kg
  1. All of the following characteristics describe kwashiorkor, a form of protein-energy malnutrition, EXCEPT:
  2. Edema
  3. Wasting of muscle and body fat (skin and bones appearance)
  4. Fatty liver
  5. Minimal amounts of protein intake
  6. Mild to moderate weight loss

*we accepted any answer for this question*

  1. “Hidden hunger” is a term used to describe a _____ deficiency.
  2. Macronutrient
  3. Micronutrient
  4. Caloric
  5. Both a and b are deficiencies described by the term “hidden hunger”
  6. None of the above are deficiencies described by the term “hidden hunger”
  1. Which of the following is true of micronutrients?
  2. Include organic substances
  3. Include inorganic substances
  4. Can be categorized by their water-soluble or fat-soluble properties
  5. Need to be consumed in small amounts
  6. All of the above
  1. All of the following are illnesses or conditions that result from micronutrient deficiencies EXCEPT:
  2. Xerophthalmia
  3. Stunting
  4. Overweight/obesity
  5. Goiter
  6. Neural tube defects
  1. DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years) is a metric that takes the following factors into account:
  2. Years of Life Lost
  3. Infant Mortality
  4. Infectious Disease Prevalence
  5. Maternal Mortality
  6. Years of Life Gained
  1. 90% of vitamin A is stored in the _____.
  2. Fat cells
  3. Muscle fibers
  4. Epithelial cells
  5. Liver
  6. Small intestine
  1. The retinal form of Vitamin A plays an important role in which of the following body processes?
  2. Development
  3. Energy homeostasis
  4. Vision
  5. Immune function
  6. All of the above
  1. The most common source of vitamin D in the United States is_____.
  2. Fatty fish
  3. Beef liver
  4. Sunlight
  5. Fortified foods
  6. Green vegetables
  1. When blood calcium levels are low, vitamin D:
  2. Stimulates calcium reabsorption from urine
  3. Increases calcium absorption in the intestine
  4. Stimulates bone mineralization
  5. Protects against the development of rickets
  6. Both a and b
  1. Which of the following are illnesses/conditions are associated with vitamin D deficiency?
  2. Rickets
  3. Osteoporosis
  4. Osteomalacia
  5. Rickets and osteoporosis, only
  6. Rickets, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia
  1. Why are water-soluble vitamin deficiencies especially problematic among individuals who have had bariatric surgery?
  2. Deficiencies of water-soluble vitamins develop over long periods of time
  3. Bariatric surgery reduces the length of the large intestine
  4. Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the duodenum
  5. Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the stomach
  6. After bariatric surgery, the small intestine preferentially absorbs fat-soluble vitamins
  1. Pellagra is a condition that results from a deficiency in _____.
  2. Niacin
  3. Thiamin
  4. Vitamin C
  5. Folate
  6. Potassium
  1. Why is folate recommended for all women of reproductive age?
  2. Maternal folate deficiencies contribute to fetal neural tube defects
  3. Women of reproductive age are less able to synthesize folate
  4. Folate is a necessary nutrient for uterine health
  5. Women of reproductive age are less able to store folate
  6. None of the above are reasons why folate is recommended for all women of reproductive age
  1. Which dietary source provides iron in its most bioavailable form?
  2. Nuts
  3. Bread
  4. Chocolate
  5. Dark leafy green vegetables
  6. Poultry
  1. Worldwide, a deficiency of _____ is the most common micronutrient deficiency.
  2. Iron
  3. Vitamin A
  4. Zinc
  5. Iodine
  6. Copper
  1. A 16 year old female consumed 1800 kcal, 50 g of total fat, and 20 g of saturated fat today. What percent of her total calories came from saturated fat?
  2. 5%
  3. 10%
  4. 25%
  5. 35%
  6. 50%
  1. _____ is the leading cause of death in the United States, killing about 600,000 people each year.
  2. Diabetes
  3. Overweight/obesity
  4. Lung cancer
  5. Cardiovascular disease
  6. Stroke
  1. All of the following are modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease EXCEPT:
  2. High blood pressure
  3. Physical inactivity
  4. High LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood
  5. Smoking
  6. Genetics
  1. The average person should consume between _____ grams of protein each day.
  2. 20-60 g/day
  3. 40-80 g/day
  4. 60-100 g/day
  5. 80-120 g/day
  6. 100-140 g/day
  1. What is the difference between complete and incomplete dietary protein?
  2. Complete proteins contain all 9 essential amino acids, in the appropriate proportions
  3. Complete proteins are only found in animal source foods
  4. Complete proteins are deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids
  5. Complete proteins must be complemented with proteins from different sources
  6. There is no difference between complete and incomplete dietary protein
  1. Fat malabsorption would lead to a deficiency in which of the following vitamins?
  2. Niacin
  3. Vitamin C
  4. Vitamin E
  5. Thiamin
  6. All of the above
  1. Why should consumers use % Daily Value (%DV) with caution when choosing a supplement?
  2. % DV are based on outdated RDAs
  3. % DV are based on a 3000 kcal diet
  4. Using %DV can lead to chronic toxicity
  5. %DV are based on current RDAs
  6. Both a and c
  1. _____ plays an important role in the body’s antioxidant defenses.
  2. Vitamin K
  3. Vitamin E
  4. Phosphorus
  5. Vitamin B6
  6. Sodium
  1. A deficiency of which micronutrient can cause anemia:
  2. Vitamin B6
  3. Vitamin B12
  4. Iron
  5. Folate
  6. All of the above micronutrient deficiencies can cause anemia
  1. Which of the following is a common risk of excess protein intake?
  2. Kidney dysfunction due to removal of excess nitrogen from the blood
  3. Muscle wasting
  4. Altered blood glucose regulation
  5. Vitamin B12 deficiency
  6. There is no risk associated with excess protein intake
  1. The primary structure of a protein refers to:
  2. The weak bonds between nearby amino acids that form spiral-lie or pleated sheet shape
  3. The 3D folding that determines the protein’s function
  4. The order of amino acids that determines the protein’s shape
  5. The strong bonds between 3D proteins
  6. None of the above
  1. When the structure of a protein unfolds, this is called protein _____.
  2. Coagulation
  3. Denaturation
  4. Transamination
  5. Hydrolysis
  6. All of the above
  1. Negative nitrogen balance occurs within the body when:
  2. Protein intake exceeds protein losses
  3. Protein losses exceed protein intake
  4. Protein intake equals protein losses
  5. A healthy adult is meeting protein and energy needs
  6. Intensive athletic training increases lean body mass
  1. Why was genetic modification used in the development of Golden Rice?
  2. As rice varieties do not naturally contain high levels of beta-carotene, genetic modification is necessary to increase production
  3. Traditional breeding methods are an ineffective way to increase micronutrients in rice
  4. Rice is already a good source of beta-carotene, further breeding efforts are not necessary
  5. Traditional breeding efforts are only effective in increasing the beta-carotene content of fruits and vegetables, not grains
  6. None of the above
  1. Which of the following describes a/the difference(s) between genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and conventional breeds?
  2. GMO cultivars are more expensive and time-consuming to create and evaluate than conventional breeding cultivars
  3. GMOs induce variation through mutagenesis
  4. GMOs induce variation through classical crossing
  5. GMOs introduce variation by inserting DNA from a different organism
  6. All of the above
  1. All of the following are potential hazards associated with GMOs EXCEPT:
  2. Toxicity
  3. Introduction of food allergies
  4. Decreased biodiversity
  5. Cost of development
  6. Increased tolerance to cold temperatures
  1. Which population is most likely to have the lowest levels of vitamin D?
  2. African Americans
  3. Native Americans
  4. Asian Americans
  5. Hispanic Americans
  6. Caucasian Americans

*we accepted any answer for this question*

  1. All of the following are potential hazards associated with vitamin D toxicity EXCEPT:
  2. Hypercalcemia
  3. Hypercalciuria
  4. Impaired kidney function
  5. Calcium deposits in tissues
  6. All of the above are potential hazards associated with vitamin D toxicity
  1. _____ bind(s) to metals, resulting in increased urinary excretion of the metal.
  2. Chelators
  3. Cholesterol
  4. Proteins
  5. Bile
  6. Zinc
  1. All of the following are consequences of hemochromatosis EXCEPT:
  2. Cirrhosis
  3. Diabetes
  4. Stroke
  5. Hyperpigmentation
  6. Fatigue
  1. Vitamin D can be obtained from _____.
  2. Supplements
  3. UV exposed mushrooms
  4. Cheese
  5. Fortified foods
  6. All of the above
  1. Which of the following is a symptom of vitamin K deficiency?
  2. Night blindness
  3. Impaired immune function
  4. Hemorrhage due to poor blood clotting
  5. Neurologic dysfunction
  6. Both b and c
  7. Which of the following statements about dietary supplements is true?
  8. Dietary supplements are closely regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
  9. Manufacturers are required to meet US Pharmacopeia (USP) standards
  10. Dietary supplement manufacturers can claim that their products will prevent, treat, or cure disease
  11. Current evidence is insufficient to support the recommendation of multivitamin and mineral supplementation for the general population
  12. All of the above
  1. Which of the following vitamins is classified as a hormone because the body can synthesize it?
  2. Vitamin K
  3. Vitamin D
  4. Vitamin C
  5. Vitamin B12
  6. Vitamin E
  1. _____ is the deficiency disease associated with thiamin (B1).
  2. Beriberi
  3. Xerophthalmia
  4. Wernicke’s Syndrome
  5. Pellagra
  6. Both a and c
  1. All B-vitamins act as _____, small organic molecules that combine with inactive enzymes to form active enzymes.
  2. Coenzymes
  3. Minerals
  4. Sterols
  5. Hormones
  6. Antioxidants
  1. If a child deficient in vitamin A was supplemented with only retinoic acid, which deficiency symptom would remain UNTREATED?
  2. Xerophthalmia
  3. Night blindness
  4. Poor immune function
  5. Follicular hyperkeratosis
  6. All of the above would be treated
  1. A genetic disorder resulting in the absence of Menke’s transporters would lead to which of the following?
  2. Copper deficiency
  3. Copper toxicity
  4. Iron deficiency
  5. Iron toxicity
  6. Zinc deficiency
  1. A deficiency in _____ is characterized by corkscrew hair and bleeding gums.
  2. Vitamin K
  3. Thiamin
  4. Vitamin C
  5. Iron
  6. Copper
  1. Which of the following are common methods for alleviating global micronutrient deficiency?
  2. Supplementation
  3. Food fortification
  4. Biofortification
  5. Dietary diversification
  6. All of the above
  1. Food insecurity is defined as:
  2. The limited availability of nutritionally adequate foods
  3. The unlimited availability of safe foods
  4. The ability to acquire foods in socially acceptable ways
  5. The complete inability to purchase any foods
  6. None of the above
  1. Which of the following contribute(s) to the hunger-obesity paradox?
  2. Inconsistent access to food
  3. Lack of access to unhealthy foods
  4. Food deserts
  5. Consumption of 3 meals per day
  6. a and c are correct