Effects of Drugs on Heart Rate

Effects of Drugs on Heart rate

Michelle Dilgard

Undergraduate Student

Education Major

Biology Concentration

Tennessee Technological University

Cookeville, TN 38505

December 3, 2006

Table of Contents

Page

Project Summary 1

Key Words 2

Introduction 3-6

a. Literature review

b. Statement of Problem

c. Objective/ Hypothesis Statement

Methods and Materials 7-8

Expected Results and Benefits 9

Personnel 10-11

Ethics Statement 12

Project Timeline 13

Literature Cited 14-15

Budget 16

Project Summary

This experiment is designed to find out how drugs affect heart rate. This experiment will use Daphnia in order to monitor the effects certain drugs have on heart rates. I will observe the changes in heart rate of Daphnia when exposed to Caffeine, Ibuprofen, Alcohol, and Nicotine. I will have several separate samples of Daphnia in my study. Each community will be exposed to a different drug and observe how the heart rate of the Daphnia changes accordingly.

I believe the Daphnia heart rate will increase when the Daphnia are exposed to Caffeine and Nicotine because both of these drugs are stimulants. I believe the Daphnia heart rate will decrease and slow down when the Daphnia are exposed to Ibuprofen and Alcohol.

This experiment will show not only the effects of these drugs on Daphnia but also what they similarly do to the human body when it is exposed. Daphnia are used as a humane alternative to Humans when performing this type of experiment. The results on the Daphnia will be very similar to how the human heart would react if exposed to these drugs.

Key Words

Nicotine

Alcohol

Caffeine

Ibuprofen

Effects of Drugs

Daphnia Magna

Heart rate

Drugs

Heart

Introduction

Literature Review

Reviewed by: Michelle Dilgard

Secondary Education: Biology

Tennessee Technological University

Cookeville, TN

Title: Kava Decreases the Heart Rate of Daphnia

Authors: Jasmine Kamai and Varner Allbrett

Halau Lokahi Public Charter School

Hawaii, USA

Overview: This experiment asked the question, “Does Kava effect the Heart Rate of Daphnia”. Through a thorough experimentation of the problem, the researchers found their answer to be yes their research question. They also proved their hypothesis to be true.

Critique:

The journal I selected talk about the effects of Kava on the Heart Rate of Daphnia. The title itself divulges the findings of this research, “Kava Decreases the Heart Rate of Daphnia.” Because of this the title itself is very self explanatory as to the contents of the article. In the introduction the writer speaks of previous experiments and their effects on the human body, which they directly relate back to Daphnia. The information present leads the reader to think that the answer to the research question at hand is yes. The writer cited four different sources in the introduction and all of the sources agree with her hypothesis stating that it will effect the heart rate of the daphnia. The objective/ research question is very specific and straight forward. It asks the question, “Does Kava have an effect on heart rate?” The answer to this question can be easily given and then given in more detail as the results are found. The methods and materials were very logically arranged and discussed where the experimenters obtained their materials and then how they were used. Also literature is cited in the decision of what drugs to test on the daphnia. The procedure given could be used to set up your own experiment to re-test the hypothesis given very easily. The results are arranged logically in accordance to the methods and materials. Graphs were used to show the data and were easily understandable and readable. The discussion section basically puts the graphs in word form and discuss how the results compare and differ. Many of the same sources were sited in the Results that were also cited in the introduction. Meaning that many of the experimenter’s results were the same as results of previous experiments and trials. The objective was met and the researchers found out the answer to their research question. The sources used were basic background on the drugs used and also past experiments performed by other researchers. There are many benefits to this experiment. This type of testing could not be done on humans for humane reasons so performing it on Daphnia gives us an idea to how humans would also react.

Statement of Problem

How do certain drugs affect heart rate?

Objective/Hypothesis Statement

Methods and Materials

Data Form

Resting Heart Rate / Heart Rate 1 / Heart Rate 2 / Heart Rate 3
Alcohol 1
Alcohol 2
Alcohol 3
Ibuprofen 1
Ibuprofen 2
Ibuprofen 3
Caffeine 1
Caffeine 2
Caffeine 3
Nicotine 1
Nicotine 2
Nicotine 3

Procedure

Before beginning my experiment I must mix the drug solutions to be used. First I will dissolve ibuprofen and caffeine tablets into a solution of water in two different containers, that I will later determine what strength to make each. I will also tear open cigarettes and mix the tobacco with water and let sit for 24 hours after which I will drain the water off into a container which will make up my nicotine solution. For alcohol I will just mix vodka and water to a desired strength in a 4th container. Next I will cipher out a daphnia and drop it onto a slide to be viewed under a microscope. I will record its normal heart rate. Next I will add a drop of the alcohol solution and over the next 5 minutes I will record the changes in heart rate after one minute of exposure, 3 minutes of exposure and then 5 minutes of exposure. After recording my results I will dispose of this Daphnia. I will do this same portion of the experiment with two more daphnia. I will then continue with this procedure while using the other three drugs.

I plan to use the lab facilities in the Biology Building on Tennessee Tech’s Campus. Along with most of their lab equipment including: microscope, slides, vials, Petri dishes, droppers and other equipment.

Materials

Water

Depression Slides

Cover slips

Droppers

Daphnia Magna

Microscope

Watch

Petri Dishes

Daphnia Anatomy Chart

Cigarettes

80 proof vodka

No-dos

Ibuprofen tablets

Expected Results and Benefits

After performing this experiment I expect to find that the Daphnia’s heart rates will increase with Nicotine and Caffeine because both of these drugs are stimulants and that the Daphnia’s heart rates will decrease with Alcohol and Ibuprofen solution. This experiment will show not only the effects of these drugs on Daphnia but also what they similarly do to the human body when it is exposed. Daphnia are used as a humane alternative to Humans when performing this type of experiment.
Personnel

P.O. Box 10131 TTU Cookeville, TN 38505 / 865-379-2194
mdilgard21@tntech,edu

Michelle Dilgard

Objective / To obtain a degree in Secondary Education with a Biology Concentration and obtain a job in the teaching field.
Experience / March 2006- Present TOOT’S Cookeville, TN
Server
§ Menu Orientation
§ Trainer of new servers
§ Superstar serving status
Nov 2005- March 2006 Sears Cookeville, TN
Cashier
§ Cashier Skills
May 2004- Sept 2004 Goody’s Maryville, TN
Floor Associate
§ Cashier Experience
§ Advertising
§ Floor Layout and Design
§ Display Design
2001-2003 Maryville Animal Hospital Maryville, TN
Veterinary Assistant
§ Assisted doctor with restraint of patients
§ Kennel Work
§ Basic Grooming Skills
§ Surgery Preperation
Education / 2003-Present Tennessee Technological University Cookeville, TN
§ Director of Archives for Epsilon Epsilon Chapter of Delta Gamma
§ Vice President of University Programming Council
§ Member of Tech Ladies Coalition
1999-2003 Maryville High School Maryville, TN
§ High School Diploma
§ Member of Drama Club, Positive Role Models, Student Ambassador, and Orchestra
Skills / Microsoft Office XP, Web design, and basic computer networking skills
Interests / University Programming Council, Harp, Piano, Delta Gamma

Ethics Statement

Code of Ethics in Education

· Do not discriminate against any student for any reason.

· Do not make derogatory statements about students to any individual including fellow teachers.

· Help foster Ideals of integrity, diligence, responsibility, cooperation, loyalty, fidelity, respect for the law, respect for others, and respect of self

· Follow the law and school policy for disciplining students.

· Do not reveal confidential information about students unless required by law.

· Protect students from conditions detrimental to learning, health, or safety.

Present facts without distortion, bias, or personal prejudice.

Project Timeline

• 9-6-06 ~ Title Due

• 9-13-06~ Literature Reviews and Works Cited Due

• 9-20-06~ Method Objective and Hypothesis Due

• 9-27-06~ Research Proposal

• 10-4-06~ Website

• 10-11-06~ Midterm Due

• 10-25-06~ Begin Experiment

• 12-6-06~ Final Presentation

Literature Cited

Campbell, Anthony K., Kenneth T. Wann, and Stephanie B. Matthews. 2004. Lactose causes heart arrhythmia in the water flea Daphnia pulex. Comparative Biochemistry and physiological Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 139: 225-234.

Cluevers, Michael. 2004. Mixture toxicity of the anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, and acetylsalicylic acid. Exotoxicology an Environmental Safety 59: 309-315.

Foster, Rachel. 1997. A stroboscopic method to investigate the effect of caffeine on Daphnia hear rate. Journal of Biological Education 31: 253-255.

Wong, Diana C.L., Philip B. Dorn, and Eric Y. Chai. 1997. Acute toxicity and structure-activity relationships of nine alcohol ethoxylate surfactants to fathead minnow and Daphnia magna. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16: 1970-1976.

Wang, Helen Ying, Allen W. Olmstead, Hong Li, and Gerald A. LeBlanc. 2005. The screening of chemicals for juvenoid-related endocrine activity using the water flea Daphnia magna. Aquatic Toxicology 74: 193-204.

Villegas-Navarro, Arturo, Esperanza L. Ross, and Jose L. Reyes. 2003. The heart of Daphnia magna: effects of four cardioactive drugs. Comparative Biochemisty and Physiology Part C Toxicology and Pharmacology 136C: 127-134.

Budget

Petri Dishes- $5.10

Slides- $7.50

Cover Slips- $3.20

Daphnia- $10.95

Caffeine Pills- $7.49

Ibuprofen- $9.99

Cigarettes- $3.40

Vodka- $16.99

Pipettes- $10.00

TOTAL: $74.62