BIO 210 Anatomy and Physiology
Homework #3: Chs. 6-9
DUE: ______(see course schedule)
Assignments not turned in at the beginning of class will be accepted.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1)
Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?
A)
roof of the skull
B)
femur
C)
carpal bones
D)
clavicle
E)
both A and D
2)
Which is greater?
A)
osteoclast activity when calcitonin is present
B)
osteoclast activity when calcitonin is absent
3)
Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of
A)
sulfate.
B)
potassium.
C)
calcium.
D)
iron.
E)
sodium.
4)
In compact bone, the osteons
A)
are separated by medullary spaces.
B)
are lined up perpendicular to the long axis.
C)
are lacking in the diaphysis.
D)
are lined up in the same direction.
E)
are arranged in an irregular pattern.
5)
The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification.
1. Enlarged chondrocytes die.
2. Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone.
3. Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify.
4. Blood vessels invade the perichondrium.
5. Perichondrial cells become osteoblasts and produce a thin shell of bone.
The correct order for these events is
A)
2, 3, 1, 5, 4.
B)
3, 1, 4, 5, 2.
C)
1, 3, 5, 4, 2.
D)
1, 5, 3, 4, 2.
E)
3, 1, 5, 4, 2.
6)
Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?
A)
tendons
B)
bones
C)
cartilage
D)
other tissues that connect bones
E)
ligaments
7)
Osteoclast-activating factor does all of the following, except that it
A)
increases the number of osteoclasts.
B)
increases the activity of osteoclasts.
C)
produces a severe osteoporosis.
D)
is released by some cancer tumors.
E)
is released in large amounts early in life.
8)
If a tumor secretes high levels of osteoclast-activating factor, which of the following would you expect to occur as a result of this condition?
A)
decreased bone density
B)
increases in blood levels of calcium
C)
bone fragility
D)
all of the above
E)
A and B only
9)
The condition known as osteopenia
A)
is caused by too much vitamin D in the diet.
B)
affects mostly women.
C)
causes a gradual reduction in bone mass.
D)
is rarely seen as people age.
E)
only affects the femur.
10)
The humerus is an example of a(n) ______bone.
A)
sesamoid
B)
long
C)
flat
D)
short
E)
irregular
11)
The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification.
1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized.
2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue.
3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers.
4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate.
The correct order for these events is
A)
4, 2, 1, 3.
B)
2, 1, 3, 4.
C)
4, 1, 2, 3.
D)
2, 3, 1, 4.
Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s):
12)
What process is shown at #6?
A)
primary ossification
B)
width growth
C)
length growth
D)
fracture repair
E)
secondary ossification
13)
Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests nutritional therapy. What might she recommend for her patient?
A)
calcium supplements
B)
Vitamin D
C)
Vitamin C
D)
all of the above
E)
A and C only
14)
The femur can withstand ______times the body weight without breaking.
A)
10 to 15
B)
30
C)
5 to 10
D)
3
E)
8
15)
______accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone.
A)
Water
B)
Fluoride
C)
Calcium carbonate
D)
Collagen fibers
E)
Calcium phosphate
16)
A rib is an example of a ______bone.
A)
long
B)
flat
C)
short
D)
sutural
E)
sesamoid
17)
Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ______cells.
A)
osteoprogenitor
B)
osteoclast
C)
osteocyte
D)
osteoblast
E)
mesenchymal
18)
The shaft of a long bone is called the
A)
metaphysis.
B)
diaphysis.
C)
lamella.
D)
epiphysis.
E)
epiphyseal plate.
19)
A hole through a bone is termed a
A)
foramen.
B)
ramus.
C)
facet.
D)
linea.
E)
tubercle.
20)
The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a
A)
Venetian canal.
B)
Volkmann's canal.
C)
lacuna.
D)
trabecula.
E)
Haversian canal.
21)
______cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum.
A)
Osteoprogenitor
B)
Osteoblast
C)
Osteoclast
D)
Osteoid
E)
Osteocyte
22)
What structure allows a bone to grow in length?
A)
metaphysis
B)
trabeculae
C)
periosteal bud
D)
epiphyseal plate
E)
lacunae
23)
Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone might she prescribe for her patient?
A)
thyroid hormone
B)
parathyroid hormone
C)
growth hormone
D)
estrogen
E)
calcitonin
24)
A deep hollow on a bone is termed a
A)
sulcus.
B)
fissure.
C)
facet.
D)
fossa.
E)
line.
25)
The most abundant mineral in the human body is
A)
sodium.
B)
hydrogen.
C)
phosphorus.
D)
calcium.
E)
potassium.
26)
Which of the following chemicals is not present in bone?
A)
calcium phosphate.
B)
chondroitin sulfate.
C)
calcium carbonate.
D)
hydroxyapatite.
E)
collagen fibers.
27)
Where in the body does the production of calcitriol start?
A)
liver
B)
small intestine
C)
skin
D)
kidneys
E)
bone
28)
Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone
A)
thyroid hormone.
B)
growth hormone.
C)
parathyroid hormone.
D)
calcitonin.
E)
testosterone.
29)
______bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles.
A)
Compact
B)
Spongy
C)
Long
D)
Short
E)
Irregular
Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s):
30)
Identify the structure labeled "2."
A)
diaphysis
B)
marrow cavity
C)
metaphysis
D)
epiphysis
E)
trabeculae
Figure 6-1 Bone Tissue
Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following question(s):
31)
Identify the structures labeled "4."
A)
concentric lamellae
B)
circumferential lamellae
C)
interstitial lamellae
D)
periosteum
E)
trabeculae
32)
Which is greater?
A)
blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is increased
B)
blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is decreased
33)
The ______interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering.
A)
mineral-crystal
B)
hydroxyapatite-crystal
C)
protein-crystal
D)
collagen-fiber
E)
protein-protein
34)
The lacunae of osseous tissue contain
A)
blood cells.
B)
capillaries.
C)
osteocytes.
D)
bone marrow.
E)
chondroblasts.
35)
The carpal bones are examples of ______bones.
A)
short
B)
sesamoid
C)
irregular
D)
long
E)
flat
36)
Secondary ossification centers occur
A)
in the metaphyses.
B)
in the diaphysis.
C)
at the periosteum.
D)
in the epiphyses.
E)
in dermal bones.
37)
After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the
A)
fracture facet
B)
external callus
C)
epiphyseal plate
D)
dense tuberosity
E)
condyle
38)
Small, oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ______bones.
A)
irregular
B)
sutural
C)
sagittal
D)
tendon
E)
sesamoid
Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s):
39)
Where does growth in length occur?
A)
1
B)
2
C)
3
D)
4
E)
5
40)
Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte?
A)
dissolves matrix
B)
stem cell
C)
mature bone cell
D)
secretes organic matrix
41)
The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage?
A)
elastic cartilage
B)
fibrocartilage
C)
hyaline cartilage
D)
synovial cartilage
E)
osseous cartilage
42)
In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are
A)
radial.
B)
diagonal.
C)
proximal.
D)
anterior.
E)
parallel.
43)
Which of the following is not part of the axial division of the skeletal system?
A)
auditory ossicles
B)
pectoral girdle
C)
skull
D)
hyoid bone
E)
vertebral column
44)
As the result of an accident, Bill suffers a dislocated jaw. This injury would involve the
A)
condylar process of the mandible.
B)
hyoid bone.
C)
greater cornu of the hyoid bone.
D)
stylohyoid ligaments.
E)
alveolar process of the mandible.
Figure 7-2 Typical Vertebra (inferior view)
Use Figure 7-2 to answer the following questions:
45)
Identify the structure labeled "1."
A)
pedicle
B)
transverse articular facet
C)
spinous process
D)
transverse process
E)
lamina
46)
On a field trip you discover a skeleton with the following characteristics. The acetabulum is directed laterally, the ischial spine points medially, and the angle inferior to the pubic symphysis is less than 90 degrees. The long bones of the arms and legs are relatively light and show epiphyseal plates. This skeleton is probably from
A)
a young female.
B)
an elderly male.
C)
an elderly female.
D)
a young male.
E)
Cannot tell on the basis of this information.
Figure 8-1 The Humerus
Use Figure 8-1 to answer the following questions:
47)
Identify the structure labeled "9."
A)
olecranon process
B)
trochlea
C)
lateral epicondyle
D)
greater tubercle
E)
medial epicondyle
Figure 9-1 Bones of the Wrist and Hand
Use Figure 9-1 to answer the following questions:
48)
Identify the type of joint at label "4."
A)
hinge
B)
saddle
C)
gliding
D)
ellipsoid
E)
pivot
49)
Lifting a stone with the tip of foot is
A)
eversion.
B)
plantar flexion.
C)
inversion.
D)
dorsiflexion.
E)
circumduction.
50)
Muscles that extend the elbow attach to the
A)
medial epicondyle.
B)
olecranon process.
C)
lateral epicondyle.
D)
radial tuberosity.
E)
coronoid process.