Name: ______

Date: ______

Final Review Biology Honors Fall 2012

Please answer these questions on separate sheets of paper. Answer them fully for ones that require it. Use you notes, books, internet, etc. to find the answers. This is a sampling of types of questions that could be asked on your exam. Study all topics covered thus far. You could go over all old review sheets. Final covers Chapters 1, 2, and 7-12.

A list of safety rules and symbols that should be found in your class binder; Safety symbols are located on the front cover of your textbook.

1.Look at the information given in the table above. What safety precautions would you need to take when working with acetone? ______

2.What is the role of science in exploring the natural world?

  1. A substance that dissolves in another substance is called a (n)______.
  2. When water enters the cell, it creates pressure. This pressure is called______.
  3. Exocytosis and sodium potassium pumps are two forms of ______.
  4. Active transport systems are a form of cell transport that requires energy from molecules of ______.
  5. Substances that are changed when they become involved in chemical reactions are called ______, while the new substances that are formed are called______.
  6. Chemical reactions can be sped up by adding a substance called a (n) ______, which lowers the activation energy required t start the reaction.
  7. The portion of an enzyme molecule into which a specific substrate can fit is called the ______.
  8. The bond between ______and ______of an ATP molecule releases the largest amount of energy when broken.
  9. Avery’s prevention of transformation using DNA destroying enzymes provided evidence that ______molecules function as the hereditary material.
  10. The name of the five-carbon sugar that makes up a part of the backbone of molecules of DNA is ______.
  11. Due to the strict pairing of nitrogen base pairs in DNA molecules, the two strands are said to be ______to each other.
  12. Enzymes called ______are responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds that hold the complementary strands together.
  13. Portions of genes that actually get translated into proteins are called ______.
  14. List the 8 characteristics of living things.
  15. What are the levels of organization of a Multicellular organism from atom to organism?
  16. What are the levels of organization of protein structure?
  17. What are the 4 phases of the cell cycle and what happens in each?
  18. Mitosis is the division of ____. Cytokinesis is the division of ______.
  19. What are the 4 phases of mitosis and their characteristics?
  20. Mitosis produces _____(#) genetically ______cells that are (haploid/diploid).
  21. Meiosis produces _____(#) genetically ______cells that are (haploid/diploid).
  22. Mitosis helps a multicellular organism to ______and ______injuriy. Mitosis helps unicellular organisms to ______.
  23. Meiosis is only used to ______. The fancy word for this is ______.
  24. How can you tell a TEM from an SEM from an LM micrograph?
  25. As a characteristic of all living things, homeostasis relates most directly to which of the following biological themes?

  1. Interacting systems
  2. Stability
  3. Evolution
  4. Scale and structure

  1. The smallest units that can carry on all the functions of life are called______.
  2. What is the function of cell membranes?
  3. Living things
  4. Require energy to carry on life processes
  5. Have the ability to reproduce
  6. Are composed of cells
  7. All of the above
  8. A protein that fits into the cell membrane
  9. Has two polar end sections that bond with water
  10. Floats in the cell membrane
  11. Has a nonpolar midsection
  12. All of the above
  13. The size to which a cell can grow is limited by its ______ratio.
  14. All matter in the universe is composed of ______.
  15. Nonpolar molecules have
  16. No negative or positive poles
  17. Both negative and positive poles
  18. Only a negative pole
  19. Only a positive pole
  20. Because carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level,
  21. It can form bonds with carbon atoms only
  22. These atoms are naturally chemically stable
  23. It can react with up to four other atoms to form covalent bonds
  24. It cannot react with anything other than organic molecules
  25. Water is important to life because it
  26. Surrounds all cells
  27. Is found inside cells
  28. Influences the shape of cell membranes
  29. All of the above
  30. Which of the following is a carbohydrate?

  1. DNA
  2. Insulin
  3. Wax
  4. Sucrose

  1. Which organic molecule below is classified as a carbohydrate?

  1. Amino acids
  2. CH2 chains
  3. Nucleotides
  4. Sugars

  1. Animals store glucose-containing fragments in the form of ______.
  2. Which of the following is not an organic molecules

  1. Carbohydrate
  2. Ice
  3. Lipid
  4. Nucleic acid

  1. Water is polar because it has ______.
  2. Lipids are soluble in

  1. Water
  2. Salt water
  3. Oil
  4. All of the above

  1. Which organic molecule below is most closely related to lipids?

  1. Amino acids
  2. CH2 chains
  3. Nucleotides
  4. Sugars

  1. A molecule shaped like a spiral staircase (double helix) is typical of ______.
  2. ______Level of structure of proteins includes α-helices and β-pleated sheets.

  1. Which structure produces vesicles filled with proteins to be exported from the cell? (see diagram)
  2. Which structure produces ATP? (see diagram)
  3. The double membrane surrounding the nucleus is called the ______.
  4. Which of the following pairs contains unrelated items?

  1. Eukaryotic-amoeba
  2. Ribosomes- protein
  3. Cell wall- animal cell
  4. Mitochondria- energy

  1. Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled A is composed of

  1. Lipid
  2. Carbohydrate
  3. Protein
  4. None of the above

  1. Function of C: ______
    Function of D: ______
    Function of A: ______
  2. A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonicsodium chloride solution. Its cell membraneis impermeable to sodium and chlorine ions;thus, the blood cell will probably
  3. shrink when water leaves the cell.
  4. burst when water enters the cell.
  5. remain unaffected by the solution.
  6. lose all of its hemoglobin molecules.
  7. Which of the following can be described asone cell ingesting another?
  8. phagocytosis
  9. facilitated diffusion
  10. plasmolysis
  11. active transport
  12. osmosis
  13. What role is played by cholesterol in theplasma membranes of some animals?
  14. It enables the animal to remove hydrogenatoms from saturated phospholipids.
  15. It makes the animal more susceptible tocirculatory disorders.
  16. It enables the animal to add hydrogenatoms to unsaturated phospholipids.
  17. It makes the membrane less flexible, so itcan sustain greater pressure from within thecell.
  18. It enables the membrane to stay fluidmore easily when cell temperature drops.
  19. Which of the following does not affect the rateof diffusion of a substance?
  20. Molecular diameter of the diffusing material
  21. Presence of other substances in the solution
  22. Temperature of the solution
  23. Electrical charge of the diffusing material
  24. Concentration gradient
  25. If the pH of a solution is increased from pH 3to pH 6, it means that the
  26. concentration of OH− is 100 times greaterthan it was at pH 3.
  27. concentration of H+ is 3 times less than itwas at pH 3.
  28. concentration of OH− is 3 times greaterthan it was at pH 3.
  29. concentration of H+ is 100 times less thanit was at pH 3.
  30. concentration of OH− is 1000 timesgreater than it was at pH 3.
  31. concentration of H+ is 1000 times greaterthan it was at pH 3.
  32. Which solution has the greatest concentration[H+] of hydrogen ions?
  33. tomato juice at pH 4
  34. stomach acid at pH 2
  35. coke at pH 3
  36. urine at pH 6
  37. Round Rock water at pH 9
  38. When a severely dehydrated patient isbrought to the hospital, an IV of normal saline is started immediately. Distilled water is notused because
  39. it would cause blood cells to swell andeventually burst. Correct
  40. normal saline is more economical.
  41. nutrients are provided by the saline.
  42. the distilled water might be contaminatedby bacteria.
  43. it would cause water to leave the cells andthe cells would collapse.
  44. Phospholipids are molecules that
  45. Contain phosphorus
  46. Have long nonpolar “tails” and short polar “heads”
  47. Combine with water to form the lipid bilayer that makes up the framework of the cell membrane
  48. All of the above
  49. The shape of a protein is determined by

  1. The type and order of its amino acids
  2. Its size
  3. Its cell location
  4. None of the above

  1. An example of a chemical substance that acts as a messenger is a

  1. Hormone
  2. Protein
  3. Receptor
  4. Carrier

  1. Proteins that act like selective passageways in the cell’s membrane are known as ______proteins.
  2. As a result of diffusion, the concentration of many types of substances
  3. Always remains greater inside a membrane
  4. Eventually becomes balanced on both sides of a membrane
  5. Always remains greater on the outside of a membrane
  6. Becomes imbalanced on both sides of a membrane
  7. The process by which water passes into or out of a cell is called ______.

  1. Refer to the illustration above. The process shown is called

  1. Osmosis
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Active transport
  4. Diffusion

  1. Diffusion takes place
  2. Only through a lipid bilayer membrane
  3. From an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
  4. Only in liquids
  5. From an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
  6. Sugar molecules can enter cells through the process of

  1. Exocytosis
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Osmosis
  4. Gated channels

  1. Ridding the cell of material by discharging it from sacs at the cell surface is called ______.
  2. Molecules that are too large to be moved through the membrane can be transported into the cell by

  1. Osmosis
  2. Endocytosis
  3. Lipid carriers
  4. Diffusion

  1. Most of the energy used by the life on Earth comes from ______.
  2. The energy that is stored in food molecules and used by organisms
  3. Resides in the nucleus
  4. Is equally distributed among all the atom’s electrons
  5. Is held primarily by electrons shared by carbon and hydrogen atoms
  6. Comes from protons orbiting the nucleus

  1. Refer to the illustration above. Which graph illustrates what happens during an exergonic/exothermic reaction?
  2. Graph “A”
  3. Graph “B”
  4. Both graphs; they each show a different stage of an exergonic reaction
  5. Neither graph shows an exergonic reaction.
  6. All of the activities occurring within cells
  7. Are driven by chemical reactions
  8. Result from the random mixing of enzymes.
  9. Cause the fluids in he cell to bubble and fizz
  10. Result in the production of enzymes

  1. Refer to the illustration above. Reaction “1” in the graph
  2. Is an energy-storing reaction
  3. Requires a greater activation energy “2”
  4. May use the same initial reactant condition needed to form Product “B”
  5. All of the above
  6. Refer to the illustration above. Reaction “3” in the graph
  7. Probably occurred in the presence of a catalyst
  8. Requires a greater activation energy than Reaction “2”
  9. Is the same as Reaction “1”, but faster
  10. Takes longer than Reaction “2”
  11. The molecule on which an enzyme acts is called a(n) ______.
  12. Enzymes may promote a chemical reaction by
  13. Increasing the activation energy required for the reaction to take place
  14. Putting a strain on a particular chemical bond in a molecule
  15. Holding two substrates near each other
  16. Both B and C
  1. Enzymes
  2. Are able to heat up molecules so that they can react
  3. Provide CO2 for chemical reactions
  4. Are biological catalysts
  5. Absorb excess heat so that reactions occur at low temperatures
  6. A cell contains
  7. Thousands of different kinds of enzymes, each promoting a different chemical reaction
  8. One kind of enzyme that promotes thousands of different chemical reactions
  9. Approximately 100 kinds of enzymes, each promoting a different chemical reaction
  10. One enzyme that promotes photosynthesis and one enzyme that promotes cellular respiration
  11. Changing the course or pathway of a chemical reaction so that it requires less activation energy
  12. Is a violation of the laws of nature
  13. Requires higher temperatures than those found within cells
  14. Occurs only when reactants are quickly added to the reaction mixture
  15. Is accomplished by the action of catalysts on reactants
  16. Cells use energy to
  17. Move about
  18. Change their shape
  19. Transport food and expel wastes
  20. All of the above
  21. The three parts of ATP include ______, ______and ______
  22. When living cells break down molecules, energy is
  23. Stored as ADP
  24. Stored as ATP
  25. Released as heat
  26. Both b and c
  27. When a phosphate is transferred from an ATP molecules to another molecule,
  28. A substantial amount of energy is transferred as well
  29. An enzyme is formed
  30. The ATP molecule undergoes an endergonic change
  31. Activation energy is increased
  32. Factors that allow a cell to control when an enzyme is active include
  33. Presence or absence if “signal” molecules
  34. Concentrations of specific enzymes
  35. Occurrence of feedback inhibition
  36. All of the above
  37. Factors that may affect the ability of an enzyme to work efficiently include
  38. Temperature
  39. pH
  40. concentration of substrate
  41. all of the above
  42. The English physician Ronald Ross wanted to try to find the cause of malaria. Based on his observation, Dr. Ross suggested that the Anopheles mosquito might spread malaria from person to person. This suggestion was a
  43. Predictionb. hypothesisc. theoryd. scientific “truth”
  44. Dr. Ross knew that the parasite Plasmodium was always found in the blood of malaria patients. He thought that if the Anopheles mosquitoes were responsible for spreading malaria, then Plasmodium would be found in the mosquitoes. This idea was a
  45. Predictionb. hypothesisc. theoryd. scientific truth
  1. The process whereby plants capture energy and make complex molecules is known as
  2. Homeostasisb. evolutionc. photosynthesisd. development
  3. While energy absorbed by one type of chlorophyll molecule is used to form molecules of ATP, electrons from a second kind of chlorophyll molecule are used
  4. In forming molecules of NADPH
  5. To migrate to another proton pump
  6. In the second kind of thylakoid
  7. As a fuel for forming another chlorophyll molecule
  8. Suspended in the fluid stroma of chloroplasts are
  9. Organelles called eukaryotes
  10. Numerous mitochondrial membranes
  11. Small coins that provide energy
  12. Stacks of thylakoid membranes
  13. When photons of light strike an object, the light may be
  14. Reflectedb. absorbedc. transmittedd. all of the above

  1. Refer to the illustration above. Taken together, these graphs demonstrate that
  2. Photosynthesis is independent of environmental influences
  3. Increases in light intensity cause increases in temperature
  4. As the rate of photosynthesis increases, the temperature of the plant eventually decreases.
  5. The rate of photosynthesis is affected by changes in the plant’s environment
  6. When glycolysis occurs, a molecules of glucose splits into two molecules of ______.
  7. The name of the process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down in the absence of oxygen is ______.
  8. Using radioactive tracers to determine the interactions of bacteriophages and their host bacteria, Hershey and Chase demonstrated without question that
  9. Genes are composed of protein molecules
  10. DNA and proteins are actually the same molecules located in different parts of the cells
  11. Bacteria injected their DNA into the cytoplasm of bacteriophages
  12. Genes are made up of DNA
  13. Pigments are the color of light they
  14. Reflect
  15. Reject
  16. Absorb
  17. Portray
  18. 3 things produced by the light dependent reaction are: ______, ______, and ______.
  19. 3 things produced by the Calvin cycle are: ______, ______, and ______.
  20. How are the reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
  21. Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of ______(Monomers).
  22. A nucleotide consists of ______, a ______and a ______.
  23. Purines and pyrimidines are
  24. Bases found in amino acids
  25. Able to replace phosphate groups from defective DNA
  26. Names of specific types of DNA molecules
  27. Bases found in nucleotides
  28. The scientists credited with establishing the structure of DNA are
  29. Avery and Chargaff
  30. Hershey and Chase
  31. Mendel and Griffith
  32. Watson and Crick
  33. X-ray diffraction photographs by Wilkins and Franklin suggested that
  34. DNA and RNA are the same molecules
  35. DNA is composed of either purines or pyrimidines, but not both
  36. DNA molecules are arranged as a tightly coiled double helix
  37. DNA and proteins are the same basic structure
  38. Watson and Crick built models that demonstrated that
  39. DNA and RNA have the same basic structure
  40. The DNA helix is held together by hydrogen bonds
  41. Guanine forms hydrogen bonds with adenine
  42. Thymine forms hydrogen bonds with cytosine
  43. The noncoding portions of DNA that are separated from the portions of DNA actually used during transcription are called
  44. Mutonsb. exonsc. intronsd. exposons
  45. A hypothesis is
  46. A definite answer to a given problem
  47. A testable possible explanation of an observation
  48. A proven statement
  49. A concluding statement
  1. Refer to the illustration above. Alfred Wegener’s original idea that continents drifted apart was a(n)
  2. Observation
  3. Hypothesis
  4. Theory
  5. Completely true assertion
  6. Refer to the illustration above. Fossils, the shape of continents, and rock evidence
  7. Are observations that support the idea that continental drift occurred
  8. Are hypotheses that support the idea of continental drift
  9. Come from control experiments on continental drift
  10. None of the above.
  1. Scientists usually design experiments
  2. With a good idea of the expected experimental results
  3. Based on wild guesses
  4. In order to develop new laboratory tools
  5. All of the above
  6. Biology is the study of ______.
  7. Which of the following is NOT found in DNA?
  8. Adenineb. cytosinec. uracild. none of the above
  9. RNA is chemically similar to DNA except that its sugars have an additional oxygen atom, and the base thymine is replace by a structurally similar base called
  10. Uracilb. alaninec. cytosined. codon
  11. Each of the following is a type of RNA except
  12. Carrier RNAb. messenger RNAc. ribosomal RNAd. transfer RNA
  13. Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called a
  14. Mutagenb. codonc. anticodond. exon
  15. During translation, the amino acid detaches from the transfer RNA molecule and attached to the end of a growing protein chain when
  16. The ribosomal RNA anticodon binds to messenger RNA codon
  17. The transfer RNA anticodon binds to messenger RNA codon
  18. A “stop” codon is encountered
  19. The protein chain sends a signal through the nerve cells to the brain
  20. A substance that causes cancer is known as a
  21. Tumorb. carcinogenc. mutationd. metastasis
  22. The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called
  23. Geneticsb heredityc. developmentd. mutation
  24. The code contained in a particular gene results in the production of
  25. A variety of types of chemicals
  26. A specific proteins
  27. Certain types of DNA molecules
  28. Particular carbohydrate molecules
  29. Crossing over
  30. Is a mutation
  31. Occurs during Meiosis I
  32. Created genetic diversity
  33. Both band c
  34. All of the above
  35. The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called
  36. genetics. b) heredity. c) development. d) maturation.
  37. The difference between Mendel's experiments in the area of heredity and those done by earlier researchers was that
  38. earlier researchers did not have microscopes.
  39. earlier researchers used detailed and numerical procedures.
  40. Mendel expressed the results of his experiments in terms of numbers.
  41. Mendel used pea plants with both purple and white flowers.
  42. The scientific study of heredity is called
  43. meiosis. b) crossing -over. c) genetics. d) pollination.
  44. The phenotype of an organism
  45. represents its genetic composition.
  46. reflects all the traits that are actually expressed.
  47. occurs only in dominant pure organisms.
  48. cannot be seen.
  49. Mendel's finding that the inheritance of one trait had no effect on the inheritance of another became known as the
  50. law of dominance. C) law of separate convenience.
  51. law of universal inheritance. d) law of independent assortment.
  52. An individual heterozygous for a trait and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait are crossed and produce many offspring that are
  53. all the same genotype. c) of three different phenotypes.
  54. of two different phenotypes. d) all the same phenotype.
  55. If cross pollinating a red snapdragon and white snapdragon produce all pink snapdragons, what is the percent chance a white flower will result from the self pollination of one of the pink offspring?

What kind of inheritance is this?