Digestive System

1. Argue that absorption is the most important of the five processes of digestion over the other 4 processes.

2. List the main organs of the digestive tract and state the contribution of each of the digestive process.

3. Discuss the absorption of the products of digestion into the lymphatic and cardiovascular system

4. Name the enzymes involved in the digestion of starch, protein, and fat, and tell where this enzymes are active and what they do.

5. Why are the pancreas, liver and gallbladder considered accessory organs of digestion an organ of digestion?

6. What is a chief contribution of each of these in the body – carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fruits and vegetables.

URINARY SYSTEM AND EXCRETION

Describe the path of urine and the structure of each organ mentioned. (PP. 188-89)

In what ways do the four functions of the urinary system contribute to homeostasis? (P. 189)

Describe the macroscopic structure of the kidney. (P. 191)

Trace the path of blood into and out of the kidney. (PP. 191-92)

Name the parts of a nephron, and describe the structure of each part. (PP. 192-93)

Why would it be proper to associate glucose with the first two processes involved in urine formation but not the third process? (PP. 194-95)

Explain how hypertonic urine is formed, detailing where and how salt and water move, and the influence of hormones on the process. (PP. 197-98)

Describe three ways that the body maintains the acid–base balance of body fluids. (P. 199)

Explain how an artificial kidney machine and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis work to cleanse the blood. (P. 200)

How do the kidneys assist other body systems? (PP. 201-2)

SKELETAL

What are the five functions of the skeletal system? (P. 208)

Where would you expect to find spongy bone in a long bone? What are its functions? (P. 208)

Differentiate between compact and spongy bone. (P. 208)

Describe the structure of hyaline cartilage. (P. 208)

Why are osteoclasts needed, even though they break down bone? (P. 210)

Explain how bone is formed by intramembranous ossification. (P. 210)

Describe the process of endochondral ossification. (P. 211)

Describe the actions of the hormones involved in bone growth and bone remodeling? (P. 212)

Provide the rationale for the four steps of bone repair. (P. 214)

Explain the terms axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton (PP. 214, 216, 220)

List the bones that make up the cranium and the face. (PP. 216-17)

What are the types of vertebrae and how many of each are there? (P. 218)

What bones make up the rib cage? What are the functions of the rib cage? (P. 219)

Name the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limb. (P. 220)

Name the bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb. (P. 221)

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints and what type of movement do cartilaginous joints have? (P. 222)

Describe the different types of movements made by synovial joints. (PP. 222-23)

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

What are the characteristics of the three types of muscles in the human body? Where is each type found? (P. 228)

Give an example to show that skeletal muscles work in antagonistic pairs. Explain. (P. 229)

What criteria are used to name muscles? Give an example of each one. (PP. 230-31)

What are the functions of a muscle fiber’s components? (P. 232)

Describe the sliding filament model of muscle contraction within a sarcomere. Begin with the nerve impulse and end with the relaxation of the muscle. (PP. 232-35)

What are the four possible energy sources for a muscle and the three sources of ATP for muscle contraction? (PP. 236-37)

Compare fast and slow–twitch muscle fibers. (P. 239)

What are some common muscular disorders and some more serious muscular diseases? (P. 240)

How does the muscular system help maintain homeostasis? (PP. 242-43)