Wilsey Spring 2007 Mass Review

Bio 211

A theory must be:

  1. testable
  2. falsifiable
  3. measurable
  4. reproducible
  5. objective

Hypothesis – educated guess

Theory – broad explanation for phenomena (more evidence)

Radiometric Dating – isotope half-life, radioactive decay

Timeline of Life:

  1. first prokaryotic cell
  2. cyanobacteria - photosynthesis
  3. endosymbiosis - eukaryotes
  4. multicellular organisms

Biology – scientific study of life

Definition of Life:

  1. organized structure
  2. converts energy and material to different forms
  3. homeostasis
  4. grow and reproduce
  5. respond to stimuli
  6. capacity to evolve

molecule->organelle->cell->tissue->organ->organism->population->community->ecosystem->biosphere

Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species

Taxonomy – name and classify based on physical traits

Three Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)

  1. no nucleus
  2. no membrane-bound organelles
  3. shapes: spherical, rod, spiral
  4. gram + have more peptidoglycan
  5. gram – have less peptidoglycan
  6. aerobic or anaerobic
  7. autotroph or heterotroph
  8. carbon source: organic matter or CO2
  9. energy source: chemical or sunlight

ARCHAEA

  1. methanogens – produce methane
  2. halophiles – live in high salt environments
  3. thermophiles – live in extreme heat environments

BACTERIA

Involved in:

  1. Nitrogen fixation
  2. Decomposition
  3. Pathogens
  4. Digestion in animals
  5. Antibiotics

Proteobacteria

Chlamydias

Spirochetes

Gram +

Cyanobacteria

PROTISTS

-Most diverse group

-Eukaryotic

Diplomonads

Euglinids

Alveolata

  1. dinoflagellates
  2. plasmodium
  3. ciliates

Stramenopila

Rhodophyta

Chlorophyta

Mycetozoa

Amoeba

PLANTS

-eukaryotic and multicellular

-photosynthetic

-cell wall, chloroplasts

-alternation of generations [Figure 1]

-sporophyte 2n, gametophyte 1n

-gametophyte is dominant in simple plants

Plant Evolution

  1. multicellular
  2. vascular
  3. seeds
  4. flowers/fruits

GYMNOSPERMS

Ginkgophyta

Coniferophyta

Cycadophyta

ANGIOSPERMS

Monocot

  1. parallel veins
  2. fibrous roots
  3. flower in 3’s
  4. 1 cotyledon

Dicot

  1. net-like veins
  2. taproot
  3. flower in 4 or 5’s
  4. 2 cotyledons

Double Fertilization

Flower Types – perfect vs imperfect

Coevolution (plants and animals)

  1. pollinated by insects
  2. flower become more attractive
  3. animals eat fruits and seeds
  4. seeds stick to/are eaten by animals

Flower Anatomy:

carpel (F)

-stigma

-style

-ovary

stamen (M)

-anther

-filament

Problems moving from water to land:

  1. water transport
  2. water loss
  3. support
  4. reproduction
  5. environment fluctuations
  6. high UV radiation

FUNGI

Concepts/Vocabulary:

  1. eukaryotes
  2. nearly all multicellular
  3. closely related to animals
  4. heterotrophs
  5. saprobe
  6. terrestrial
  7. hyphae
  8. mycelium
  9. septa (aseptae)
  10. chitin
  11. sexual and asexual
  12. plasmogamy
  13. karyogamy
  14. heterokaryotic cell
  15. imperfect fungi

Function as:

  1. decomposers
  2. spoilers
  3. pathogens
  4. food

Zygomycota

Ascomycota

Basidiomycota

ANIMALS

Definition:

  1. multicellular, eukaryotic
  2. ingestive heterotroph
  3. no cell wall
  4. nervous and muscle tissue
  5. reproduce sexually (most)
  6. embryonic development controlled by hox genes

Taxonomic Characterisitcs

  1. presence/absence of tissues
  2. symmetry (none, radial, bilateral)
  3. embryonic development

Germ Layers

  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm

Body Cavity

  1. acoelomate
  2. pseudocoelomate
  3. coelomate

Embryonic Development

  1. protostome – mouth first, spiral & determinate cleavage
  2. deuterostome – anus first, radial & indeterminate cleavage
  3. zygote -> 2,4,8-cell stage… -> blastula -> gastrulation -> gastrula

INVERTEBRATES

Parazoa:

Phylum Porifera

  1. sessile
  2. suspension feeders
  3. hermaphrodites
  4. regeneration
  5. no true tissues

Eumetazoa, Radiata:

Phylum Cnidaria

  1. simple muscles and nerves
  2. sac with central digestive system
  3. gastrovascular cavity
  1. sessile polyp, floating medusa
  2. coral reefs – where dinoflagellates live

Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Protostome, Lophotrochozoa:

Phylum Platyhelminthis

  1. triploblastic
  2. acoelomate
  3. moderate cephalization
  4. true muscle tissue

Phylum Rotifera

  1. complete digestive tract
  2. reproduce by parthenogenesis

Phylum Mollusca

  1. marine
  2. soft body, hard shell
  3. foot, visceral mass, mantle
  4. ventral nerve cord

Class Gastropoda

  1. torsion

Class Bivalva

Class Cephalopoda

-closed circulatory system

-well developed nervous system

Phylum Annelida

  1. metanephridia
  2. cerebral ganglia
  3. coelom well developed
  4. segmentation

Class Oligochaeta

Class Polychaeta

Class Hirudinea

Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Protostome, Ecdysozoa:

Phylum Nematoda

Phylum Arthropoda

  1. most successful phylum
  2. head, thorax, abdomen
  3. chiton exoskeleton
  4. jointed appendages
  5. dorsal heart
  6. open circulatory system
  7. ventral nerve cord

Clade Trilobita

Clade Chelicerata

Class Arachnida

-cephalothorax

-chelicerae

Clade Uniramia

Centipedes

Millipedes

Insects

-metamorphosis

-malpighian tubules

-highest diversity of any

animal group

Clade Crustacea

-2 pairs of antennae

Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Deuterostome:

Phylum Echinodermata

  1. spiny skin
  2. sessile or sedentary
  3. radial symmetry as adults
  4. endoskeleton

VERTEBRATES

Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Deuterostome:

Phylum Chordata

  1. notochord
  2. dorsal, hollow, nerve cord
  3. pharyngeal slits
  4. muscular, post-anal tail

Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Deuterostome, Phylum Chordata:

Agnatha

Gnathostomes

Class Chondrichthyes

Class Osteichthyes

Class Amphibia

Class Reptilia

  1. amniotic egg
  2. ectotherm

Class Mammalia

  1. hair
  2. endothermic
  3. 4-chambered heart
  4. mammary glands
  5. mostly vivi parous

Orders of Mammals

Rodentia

Lagomorpha

Carnivora

Primates

CELL CYCLE

Interphase

-G1, S, G2, G0

Mitosis

  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis

Checkpoints

  1. G1
  2. G2
  3. M

Cancer Cells

- metastasis

Meiosis

  1. Prophase I (tetrads)
  2. Metaphase I
  3. Anaphase I
  4. Telophase I ( creates 2 cells)
  5. Prophase II
  6. Metaphase II
  7. Anaphase II
  8. Telophase II (creates 4 cells

GENETICS

  1. model organisms
  2. punnet square
  3. dominant vs recessive
  4. law of segregation
  5. phenotype vs genotype
  6. monohybrid vs dihybrid cross
  7. incomplete dominance
  8. ABO bloodtype
  9. codominance
  10. polygenic inheritance
  11. recombination
  12. sex chromosomes
  13. barr body

Mutations

  1. point mutation
  2. nondisjunction
  3. deletion
  4. duplication
  5. inversion
  6. reciprocal translocation

EVOLUTION

=change in gene frequency over time

Theory of Evolution

  1. explains life’s unity and diversity
  2. natural selection as mechanism
  3. all living things have evolved
  4. changes are gradual
  5. shaped by natural processes

Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection

  1. offspring look like parents
  2. variation among individuals – inherited
  3. # of offspring correlates to parent’s age
  4. most fit individuals have most offspring
  5. favorable variations are more common

Population Genetics

  1. evolutionary fitness = # of offspring produced by an individual in a lifetime
  2. if fitness differs, population will evolve
  3. genotype frequencies
  4. allele frequencies
  5. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

p2+2pq+q2

Assumes:

  1. very large population size
  2. no migration
  3. no mutation
  4. no natural selection
  5. random mating

SPECIATION

Biological Species

  1. members successfully interbreed

Prezygotic Reproductive Barriers

  1. habitat isolation
  2. temporal isolation
  3. behavioral isolation
  4. mechanical isolation
  5. gametic isolation

Postzygotic Reproductive Barriers

  1. hybrid inviability
  2. hybrid sterility
  3. hybrid breakdown in F2

Key Terms:

  1. allopatric speciation
  2. sympatric speciation
  3. introgression
  4. adaptive radiation
  5. anagensis
  6. cladogenesis
  7. macroevolution
  8. allometric growth

ECOLOGY

  1. organisms
  2. population
  3. community
  4. ecosystem
  5. biosphere

Terrestrial Biomes

  1. Tundra
  2. Coniferous Forest
  3. Temperate Deciduous Forest
  4. Temperate Grassland
  5. Desert
  6. Tropical Forest
  7. Savanna
  8. Chaparral

Aquatic Biomes

-Marine

  1. pelagic
  2. benthic
  3. photic zone
  4. aphotic zone
  5. abyssal zone
  6. intertidal zone
  7. oceanic zone

-Freshwater

  1. benthic
  2. photic zone
  3. aphotic zone (profundal)
  4. littoral zone
  5. limnetic zone

Stratification in Lakes

-spring and fall turnover

Wetlands

  1. basin
  2. riverine
  3. fringe
  4. marsh – no trees
  5. swamp – trees

Brakish Biome (Estuary)

  1. most productive aquatic biome
  2. important for reproduction

POPULATION ECOLOGY

To estimate size:

N= (# marked x # in second catch)/# recaptured

Density Dispersion

  1. uniform
  2. random
  3. clumped (most common)

Exponential Equation

Logistic Equation

Density-Dependent Effects

  1. proportional to population size
  2. intraspecific interactions
  3. allee effect
  4. emigration
  5. spread of disease

Density-Independent Effects

  1. weather
  2. natural disasters
  3. new predators

“r” selection

  1. variable climate, disturbed areas
  2. mortality independent of pop. Density
  3. high mortality rate for offspring
  4. produce many offspring
  5. little maternal care
  6. reproduce at young age
  7. small body size

“K” selection

  1. constant climate
  2. mortality density dependent
  3. long life span
  4. high mortality at old age
  5. larger organisms
  6. more responsive to K
  7. mature slowly
  8. more maternal care

Changes in Human Population

  1. development of agriculture
  2. medical revolution

COMMUNITY ECOLOGY

Coevolution – based on changes in fitness

Fitness – survival rate x reproductive rate

Interspecific Interactions

  1. Competition
  2. Predation
  3. Herbivory

(Symbioses)

  1. Parasitism
  2. Mutualism
  3. Commensalism

Intraspecific vs Interspecific vs Asymmetrical Competition

Niche

  1. where it lives
  2. what it eats
  3. when it eats

No two species can occupy the same niche

Fundamental niche – where organisms could live

Realized niche – where an organism does live

Reasons for high number of species

  1. resource partitioning
  2. keystone predators
  3. disturbances
  4. spatial variation in environment

Natural Selection favors:

  1. passive defenses
  2. active defenses
  3. mimicry (MullerianvsBatesian)

Succession

  1. Primary (newly formed habitat)
  2. Secondary

Biodiversity

  1. richness = number of species
  2. evenness = relative abundance

Geographic Distribution of Biodiversity

  1. energy availability
  2. habitat heterogeneity
  3. niche specialization
  4. intermediate disturbance
  5. more species on larger “island”
  6. more species closer to mainland
  7. metapopulations
  8. sources and sinks
  9. extinction vortex

ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY

  1. study of energy flow
  2. nutrient and water cycling

Energy Flow

  1. primary production
  2. primary consumption
  3. secondary consumption

Laws of Thermodynamics

  1. energy cannot be created/destroyed
  2. entropy always increases

Food webs

  1. herbivore
  2. detritivore (no grazing)

Nutrient Cycling – inefficient

  1. Nitrogen cycle
  2. Water cycle
  3. Carbon cycle

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