Study Guide for Latin 2 National Latin Exam
I. LANGUAGE
Nouns: 1st D 2nd Mas 2nd Neu 3rd M/F 3rd Neu 4th M/F 4th Neu 5th
Nom. a us/r um ------us ū ēsGen. ae ī ī is is ūs ūs eī
Dat. ae ō ō ī ī uī ū eī
Acc. am um um em --- um ū em
Abl. ā ō ō e e (ī) ū ū ē
Nom. ae ī a ēs (i)a ūs ua ēs
Gen. ārum ōrum ōrum (i)um (i)um uum uum ērum
Dat. īs īs īs ibus ibus ibus ibus ēbus
Acc. ās ōs a ēs (i)a ūs ua ēs
Abl. īs īs īs ibus ibus ibus ibus ēbus
Cases: 1 Nominative: -subject and predicate nominative
2 Genitive: -possession (of, ‘s, s’); you don’t need to know other uses for the NLE!
3 Dative: -indirect object (to/for) with verbs of giving, saying, showing, telling, entrusting
4 Accusative: -direct object
-duration of time: e.g. sex diēs = for six days duōs annōs- for two years
-extent of space: e.g. 10 feet deep, 100 feet high
-accusative- infinitive construction (Indirect statement) See this section below
-object of the following prepositions:
ad –to, toward, near ante –before, in front of circum -around
in –into, onto, against per -through post –after, behind
contra -against inter-between, among prope -near trāns –across ob – on account of propter – because of
5 Ablative: -ablative of means -no Latin preposition= by means of, with, by- we just learned this in 28! gladiō vulneratum- wounded by a sword via, plaustrō clausa- the street, blocked by a cart
-ablative of time - no Latin preposition; e.g. in the summer, at dawn tertiō diē- on the third day mediā nocte- in the middle of the night
-ablative of agent – w/passive verbs or participles- use ā/ab = by servus, ā dominō verberatus- the slave, beaten by the master
nuntius, ā Agricolā missus- the messenger, sent by Agricola
-The ablative of comparison is a replacement for comparative clauses with quam The ablative of comparison patterns with (and modifies) a comparative adjective (or adverb). Here are some examples: puella prudentior est puero, "the girl is wiser than the boy". Following the comparative "prudentior", "puella prudentior est quam puer" would be the equivalent using a quam comparative clause rather than the ablative of comparison
Quintus diutius Athenis mansit Marco, "Quintus waited longer in Athens than Marcus."
Melior est canis vivus leone mortuo, "a living dog is better than a dead lion".
-object of the following prepositions (SID SPACE) Sub -under Sine -without
In –in, on Prō- on behalf of, for
Dē- about, down from Ab/ā – away from, from
Cum- with
Ex/ē –out of, out from
6 Vocative: -direct address –used in questions and commands; often punctuated with “ ”, ! or ?
-only changes in 2nd declension singular nouns that end in ‘us’ or ‘ius’
Marcus Marce (et tu, Brute) Cornelius Cornelī (et tu, Cornelī)
Apposition (appositives)- restates another noun- put into same case as the noun it describes
e.g. My sister, the doctor, is famous. Mea soror, medica, famosa est.
e.g. The Romans hated Tarquin, the 7th king- Romanī Tarquinium, septimum regem, odērunt
Comparison with quam (= than): when comparing 2 nouns, put 2nd noun in same case as the first
e.g. I am taller than you. Ego sum altior quam tū.
e.g. Augustus was a better emperor than Tiberius- Augustus erat melior imperator quam Tiberius
Pronouns: There are a lot of pronoun questions on the Latin II NLE. You need to review!
For pronouns, you want to examine the patterns- for example, cuius, huius, illlius- hanc, quam, illam
-personal: ego, tū, nōs, vōs I/me You/you We/us You/you
Nom ego tū nōs vōsGen meī tuī nōstrum vestrum
Dat mihi tibi nōbīs vōbīs
Acc mē tē nōs vōs
Abl mē tē nōbīs vōbīs
relative: quī, quae, quod – who, which, whose, whom
Nom S quī quae quod Nom pl quī quae quae
Gen S cuius cuius cuius Gen pl quōrum quārum quōrum
Dat S cui cui cui Dat pl quibus quibus quibus
Acc S quem quam quod Acc pl quōs quās quae
Abl S quō quā quō Abl pl quibus quibus quibus
-interrogative: quis, quid (uses ? mark) – Who? what? declined the same way as the relative pronoun above
-reflexive: meī, tuī, nostrum, vestrum, suī- self (refers back to subject)
meī tuī nostrum vestrum suī of … self
mihi tibi nōbīs vōbīs sibi to/for …self
mē tē nōs vōs sē …self
mē tē nōbīs vōbīs sē by/with/from…self
-demonstratives: hic, ille, is REVIEW THE PATTERNS!
hic, haec, hoc this, these ille, illa, illud- that/those Is, Ea, Id- He/She/It/They
Nom S hic haec hoc ille illa illud is ea id
Gen S. huius huius huius illius illius illius eius eius eius
Dat S huic huic huic illī illī illī eī eī eī
Acc S hunc hanc hoc illum illam illud eum eam id
Abl S. hōc hāc hōc illō illā illō eō eā eō
Nom. Pl hī hae haec illī illae illa eī eae ea
Gen Pl hōrum hārum hōrum illōrum illārum illōrum eōrum eārum eōrum
Dat. Pl hīs hīs hīs illīs illīs illīs eīs eīs eīs
Acc Pl hōs hās haec illōs illās illa eōs eās ea
Abl Pl hīs hīs hīs illīs illīs illīs eīs eīs eīs
Adjectives: Declensions 1st ,2nd, 3rd (masculine, feminine and neuter) –positive form
Fem Mas Neu Mas Fem Neu
Nom S a us/r um -/is/e -/is/e -/e
Gen S ae ī ī is is is
Dat S ae ō ō ī ī ī
Acc S. am um um em em -/e
Abl S ā ō ō ī ī ī
Nom. Pl ae ī a ēs ēs ia
Gen. Pl ārum ōrum ōrum ium ium ium
Dat. Pl īs īs īs ibus ibus ibus
Acc. Pl ās ōs a ēs ēs ia
Abl Pl īs īs īs ibus ibus ibus
-noun and adjective agreement = number, gender and case (don’t have to match declensions)
-interrogative: quot =how many
-degrees: positive, comparative, superlative in all 3 declensions
positive: (tall) --altus, a, um (1st/2nd Decl) or (brave,strong)-- fortis,is, e (3rd Decl)
comparative: (taller, more tall, rather tall) ----altior, altioris (all comparatives are 3rd declension) (M/F)
----altius, altioris (neuter)
look for the “ior”---fortior, fortioris
superlative: (tallest, very tall, most tall) altissimus, a um; fortissimus, a, um (all in 1st/2nd declension)
look for the issimus
variant superlatives: words which end in ‘r’ – errimus instead of issimus (celerrimus)
words which end in ‘l’ – illimus instead of issimus (facillimus)
Irregular Adjectives
bonus, -a, -ummelior, ior, iusoptimus, a, um (good, better, best)
malus, -a, -umpeior, peior, peiuspessimus, a, um (bad, worse, worst)
magnus, -a, -ummaior, ior, maiusmaximus, a, um (big, bigger, biggest)
parvus, -a, -umminor, minor, minusminimus, a, um (small, smaller, smallest)
multus, -a, -umplūs, plūrisplurimus, a, um (much, more, very much)
Numbers:
Cardinal numbers 1-10; unus, duo, tres/tria, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, octo, novem, decem
100 –centum and 1000- mille
Roman numerals 1-100: I (1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500), M(1000)
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Ordinals: 1st-10th: primus, secundus, tertius, quartus, quintus, sextus, septimus, octavus, nonus, decimus
Adverbs: degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
-positive forms made from first and second declension adjectives (usually ly in English)
-formation 1st/2nd Decl: pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum=beautiful:
remove the ‘A’ from feminine, replace with ē = pulchrē = beautifully
tacitus, a, um—quiet replace us with ē = tacitē- quietly
-formation 3rd Decl: add –‘ter’ or ‘iter’ to the stem. e.g. celer ----celeriter; fortis -----fortiter
- comparative: add –ius to the base (any declension) e.g. fortius –more bravely
celerius- more swiftly
pulchrius- more beautifully
suavius- more sweetly
-superlative: add –issimē, errimē or illimē to the base e.g. fortissimē = most/very bravely
pulcherrimē= most/very beautifully
suavissimē= most/very sweetly
-interrogatives: cur, (why?) ubi (where?) quomodo (how?) quando (when?)
-irregulars: bene (well), optimē (best) male (badly) pessimē (worst)
Conjunctions: aut, (or) et (and) quod (because) sed (but) ubi (when) neque, (and not/neither/nor)
et...et, (both… and) neque...neque (neither…nor); aut…aut; (either…or) postquam; (afterwards)
quamquam; (although) nec…nec (neither…nor)
Enclitic: -ne (indicates a yes/no question –do not use with question word like how, when, who, etc)
-que- and (attach on the second of the 2 words/phrases; puerī puellaeque (boys and girls)
- cum with (attach to pronouns-e.g. tēcum = with you, sēcum= with himself)
Verbs: Translations: Present, (3) Imperfect, (4) Future, (1) Perfect (3) Pluperfect (1), Future Perfect (1)
Present: I verb I do verb I am verbing
Imperfect: I was verbing I used to verb I did verb I verbed
Future: I shall/will verb
Perfect: I have verbed I verbed I did verb
Pluperfect: I had verbed
Future Perfect: I shall/will have verbed we have not seen the future perfect yet- it is rare page 263
Passive Verbs: Translations: Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect , Future Perfect
Present: I am verbed I am being verbed
Imperfect: I was being verbed I used to be verbed I was verbed
Future: I shall/will be verbed
Perfect: I have been verbed I was verbed
Pluperfect: I had been verbed
Future Perfect: I shall/will have been verbed
Conjugations 1st – 4th
-six tenses of the indicative mood: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future pf (active voice)
Formed from the Present Stem (2nd P.P – re) Formed from the Perfect Stem (3rd P.P- ī)
presentPerfect
imperfectPluperfect
futureFuture Perfect
Present Imperfect Future 1/2 3/4 Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect
add these endings to the Present Stem Add these endings to the perfect stem
I -ō -bam -bō -am -ī -eram -erō
You -s -bās -bis -ēs -istī -erās -eris
He, she, it -t -bat -bit -et -it -erat -erit
We -mus -bāmus -bimus -ēmus -imus -erāmus -erimus
You pl -tis -bātis -bitis -ētis -istis -erātis -eritis
They -nt -bant -bunt -ent -ērunt -erant -erint
How to Form the Passive Voice: (see pages 196, 199, 281 in the book)
Present, Imperfect and Future all add passive endings to the present stem
Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect all use the 4th Principal Part and a form of the verb ‘to be’
present imperfect future 1/2 3/4 perfect, pluperfect, future pf
-(o)r -bar -bor -ar 4th pp + sum 4th pp + eram 4th pp + erō
-ris -bāris -beris -ēris 4th pp + es 4th pp + erās 4th pp + eris
-tur -bātur -bitur -ētur 4th pp + est 4th pp + erat 4th pp + erit
-mur -bāmur -bimur -ēmur 4th pp + sumus 4th pp + erāmus 4th pp + erimus
-minī -bāminī -biminī -ēminī 4th pp + estis 4th pp + erātis 4th pp + eritis
-ntur -bantur -buntur -ēntur 4th pp + sunt 4th pp + erant 4th pp + erunt
-present active imperative:singular and plural : = verb!
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
ā āte ē ēte e ite ī īte
portā/portāte vidē/vidēte scribe/scribite audī/audīte
-negative imperative with noli, nolite + infinitive = don’t verb!
e.g. nōlī amāre = don’t love! nōlīte amāre = don’t love (plural)
Infinitives:
-present active infinitive= to verb -āre -ēre -ere -īre
spectāre deridēre capere audīre
to watchto mock to take to hear
-present passive infinitive=to be verbed -ārī -ērī -ī -īrī
see page 278spectārīderidērī capī audīrī
to be watched to be mocked to be taken to be heard
generally, replace the “re” with “rī”portarīviderī ponī sentirī
except in 3rd conjugation, which replacesto be carriedto be seen to be placed to be felt
the entire “ere” with ī oppugnārī augērī reducī punīrī
to be attacked to be increased to be led back to be punished
-perfect active infinitive= to have verbed use the 3rd principal part (perfect stem) + sse e.g. amāvisse
(think the stem of the pluperfect subjunctive!)
spectāvisse derisisse cepisse audivisse
to have watched to have mocked to have taken to have heard
portāvisse vidisse posuisse sensisse
to have carried to have seen to have placed to have felt
-perfect passive infinitive=to have been verbed use the 4th principal part + esse e.g. amātus esse
spectatus esse derisus esse captus esse auditus esse
to have been watched to have been mocked to have been taken to have been heard
portata esse visa esse posita esse sensa esse
to have been carried to have been seen to have been placed to have been felt
-future active =to be about to verb use the 4th principal part + ūrus + esse e.g. amatūrus esse
spectaturus esse- to be about to watch derisurus esse to be about to mock
capturus esse to be about to take auditurus esse to be about to hear
-infinitives in indirect statement (with accusative subject) lots of questions about this at the end of the packet
I. Occurs after verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, and perceiving.
II. Verb becomes infinitive. III. Subject of verb becomes accusative.
Example: Ego laudo. I praise. Scio me laudare. I know that I praise.
IV. Tense of infinitive.
a. Present infinitive: happens the same time as the main verb.
Scio me laudare. I know that I praise.
Caesar dicit sē elephantōs vidēre. Caesar says that he sees the elephants
b. Perfect infinitive: happened before the main verb.- go one step back in time
Scio me laudavisse. I know that I praised
Caesar dicit sē elephantōs vīdisse. Caesar says that he has seen the elephants
c. Future infinitive: happens after the main verb. one step in the future
Scio me laudaturum esse. I know that I will praise.
Caesar dicit sē elephantōs visurum esse. Caesar says that he will see the elephants.
-participles:
present -ns, ntis = verbing e.g. amans, monens, veniens (3rd Decl)
perfect 4th pp + us, a, um = having been verbed amatus, monitus,ventus, verberatus etc (1st/2nd Decl)
future 4th pp + ūrus, a, um = about to verb/going to verb (1st/2nd Decl)
amaturus, moniturus, venturus, moriturus
irregular verb sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (to be): and possum, posse, potuī—(to be able)
Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect
sum eram erō fuī fueram fuerō I am, was, will be, have been, had been,will have been
es erās eris fuistī fuerās fueris You are, were, will be, have been, had been,will have been
est erat erit fuit fuerat fuerit He, is, was, will be, has been, , had been, will have been
sumus erāmus erimus fuimus fuerāmus fuerimus We are,were, will be,have been,had been,will have been
estis erātis eritis fuistis fuerātis fueritis You are, were, will be, have been, had been,will have been
sunt erant erunt fuērunt fuerant fuerint They are,were,will be, have been , had been,will have been
Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect
I am able/can I was able/could I will be able I have been able I had been able I shall have been able
possum poteram poterō potuī potueram potuerō
potes poterās poteris potuistī potuerās potueris
potest poterat poterit potuit potuerat potuerit
posumus poterāmus poterimus potuimus potuerāmus potuerimus
potestis poterātis poteritis potuistis potuerātis potueritis
possunt poterant poterunt potuērunt potuerant potuerint
I want I wanted I will want I have wanted I had wanted I shall have wanted
volō volēbam volam voluī volueram voluerō
vīs volēbās volēs voluistī voluerās volueris
vult volēbat volet voluit voluerat voluerit
volumus volēbāmus volēmus voluimus voluerāmus voluerimus
vultis volēbātis volētis voluistis voluerātis volueritis
volunt volēbant volent voluērunt voluerant voluerint
I go I was going I shall go I have gone I had gone I shall have gone
eō ībam ībō iī ieram ierō
is ībās ībis īstī ierās ieris
it ībat ībit iit ierat ierit
imus ībāmus ībimus iimus ierāmus ierimus
itis ībātis ībitis īstis ierātis ieritis
eunt ībant ībunt iērunt ierant ierint
Present Imperatives: (Sing) ī (go!) (Plural) īte (go!)
I carry I carried I shall carry I have carried I had carried I shall have carried
ferō ferēbam feram tulī tuleram tulerō
fers ferēbās ferēs tulistī tulerās tuleris
fert ferēbat feret tulit tulerat tulerit
ferimus ferēbāmus ferēmus tulimus tulerāmus tulerimus
fertis ferēbātis ferētis tulistis tulerātis tuleritis
ferunt ferēbant ferent tulērunt tulerant tulerint
PASSIVE:
I am carried I was carried I will be carried I have been carried I had been…… I will have been carried
feror ferēbar ferar lātus sum lātus eram lātus erō
ferris (re) ferēbāris (re) ferēris (re) lātus es lātus erās lātus eris
fertur ferēbātur ferētur lātus est lātus erat lātus erit
ferimur ferēbāmur ferēmur lātus sumus lātus erāmus lātus erimus
feriminī ferēbāminī ferēminī lātus estis lātus erātis lātus eritis
feruntur ferēbantur ferentur lātus sunt lātus erant lātus erunt
Present Imperatives: (sing) fer (bear!) (Plural) ferte (bear!)
impersonal verbs: licet = it is permitted; placet – it is pleasing (usually plus a dative)
Indirect Statement
(1980) Jason tells us that the gods lived on Mt. Olympus. a) deīb) deum c) deīs d)deōs
(1983) Dea dixit sē nautās would help. a) iuvāre b) iuturam esse c) iuvisse d) iutam esse
(1984) The historian said that Ostia was the most outstanding example of harbor building
in the Roman world. a) Ostiab) Ostiae c) Ostiam d) Ostiīs
(1986) Caesar dixit ___ esse in Galliā. a) decimam legionem b) decimae legionis
c) decimae legionī d) decima legio
(1987) Cicero said that the safety of the people is the highest law. a) salus b) salute
c) salutis d) salutem
(1988) The Romans believed that their souls would descend to the underworld.
a) descendere b) descensurāsesse c) descendisse d) descensās esse
(1990) Hannibal did not think that the men and animals would have had such hardships on the Alpine crossing. a) viros animaliaque b) viri animaliaque
c) virorum animaliumque d) viris animalibusque
(1990) They thought that Cicerohad prepared an excellent defense for his client.
a) pararī b) paravisse c) paratum essed) paraturum esse
(1993) Theseus scit monstrum in Labyrintho habitare. a) lives b) will live c) had lived
d) was living
(1994) Hannibal putat se Romam victurum esse. a) had conquered b) wouldconquer
c) was conquering d) is being conquered
(1995) Mater dicit villam esse pulcherrimam. a) was b) is c) will be d) had been
(1995) Adulescens dicit se montem accensurum esse. a) climbs b) to be climbed
c) climbedd) will climb
(1997) Nauta dicit se epistulam cras scripturum esse. a) is writing b) will write
c) wroted) had written
(1998) Caesar ad familiam scripsit se a piratīs captum esse. a) that he would capture pirates
b) that he had captured pirates c) that the pirates were his captives
d) that he had been captured by the pirates
(1999) Consules dixerunt rem publicam defensam esse. a) will defend b) had been defended
c) is defended d) was defended
(1999) Scio ___ bene regere. a) Romanorum b) Romanōs c) Romanīs d) Romanae
(2000) Putō mē Ciceronem in forō vidisse. a) sees b) will see c) saw d) can see
(2001) Omnēs scimus Hannibalem multīs proeliīs Romanōs superavisse. a) defeats
b) will defeat c) defeated d) had been defeated
(2002) Puella stulta putat se texturam esse melius quam deam. a) if she should weave
b) that she wove c) that she will weave d) if anyone can weave
(2003) Marcus dicit epistulam a patre missam esse. a) is sending b) will be sent
c) was sent d) had sent
(2006) Cornelia dixit ___ habitāre in illā insulā. a) frater b) fratris c) fratrem d) fratre
(2006) Nuntius dixit se multās navēs in portū vidisse. a) had seen b) was being seen
c) has been seen d) sees
Passive Voice
(1981) Igne Vestae manente, Roma numquam will be conquered. a) vincent b) vicit
c) vincēturd) vincitur
(1988) Multae fabulae de Iasone a poetīs relatae sunt. a) will have been told
b) have been told c) have told d) had told
(1990) In ancient Rome, public records used to be placed inside the Tabularium.
a) ponebantur b) posuerant c) posuerunt d) ponentur
(1993) Cena optima a servīs parata est. a) prepares b) was prepared
c) did prepare d) had prepared
(1994) Puerī Romanī a servīs in ludum ducuntur. a) were being led b) will be led
c) have been led d) are being led
(1994) Spartacus dixit, “Multī servī oppressī sunt.” a) had been subdued
b) have been subdued c) will be subdued d) will have been subdued
(1995) Roma a multīs amata est. a) will be loved b) will have been loved
c) had been loved d) has been loved
(1995) Stolae a feminīs geruntur. a) will be worn b) have been worn c) are being worn
d) were being worn
(1997) Multī senatorēs ad forum carrīs portabantur. a) had carried b) were being carried
c) will carryd) are being carried
(1998) Sol per caelum currō Apollonis trahebatur. a) pulled b) will be pulled
c) was pulling d) was being pulled
(1999) Urbs a fidelibus civibus servabitur? a) will saveb) can be saved
c) was saving d) will be saved
(2000) Olim terra a Saturnō recta erat. a) ruled b) was being ruled c) had been ruled
d) is ruled
(2001) Omnēs librī de Vesuviō a discipulīs lectī sunt. a) were reading b) will be read
c) have been read d) had been read
(2006) Statua oratoris fracta est. a) The orator’s staue is breaking