2016-2017 ACADEMIC YEAR SPRING SEMESTER
MDB1032 ADVANCED ENGLISH 2
2nd MIDTERM REVISION
VOCABULARY: Complete the sentences with the BEST word from the table. Two words are EXTRA.
binding (n) / restrict (v) / leisure (n) / appealed (v) / interpret (v)made up of (v) / superior (adj) / dominant (adj) / tough (adj) / coordination (n)
adopted (v) / intuition (n) / conducted (v) / distinct (adj)
- Luckily, soda consumption has dropped in recent years, and fast-food chains haveadoptedhealthier menus. They started to accept the idea that they should include less sugar and fat in their menus.
- Aristotle’s saying, “The end of labor is to gain leisure” can be paraphrased like this: the reason why we work is to create time for ourselves to relax.
- The United States is on the verge of passing a bill that would restrictSyrian and Iraqi refugees. Those who run away from their hometown will not be accepted easily.
- Parenting is an extremely toughand importantjobin the world, and yetparentsare not trained for such a challenging task.
- Foot bindingis said to have been inspired by a tenth-century court dancer named Yao Niang who tightened her feet into the shape of a new moon.
- Persian and Chinese are two entirely distinctlanguages. Belonging to different language families, the learning needs of the two groups are not alike.
- Freud attempted to interpretdreams since he sees dreams as forms of wish fulfillment. Trying to explain the meaning of dreams would reveal the unconscious desires.
- “There is no logical way to the discovery of these elemental laws. There is only the way of intuition, which is helped by a feeling for the order lying behind the appearance.” Albert Einstein.
- The team was superiortoall other competitors in the play-offs and won the championship. The performance of the opponent players was quite low.
- Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Only about 0.85% is composed of another five elements: potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium. All are necessary to life.
- Most people you see on the street have brown eyes in this country. Thegeneforbrowneyesis dominant.
- The government has conducted a campaign to raise awarenesson diabetes.They aim to reduce the number of people who suffer from this illness by carrying out such organizations.
READING - INFERENCE
Though there has always been a certain amount of concern about pollution since the start of the Industrial Revolution, this was largely an interest of relatively limited numbers of concerned people. But during the 1960s there was a great upsurge of anxiety which was reflected internationally by the calling of the Stockholm UN Conference. In response to the rising public pressures, action has been taken mainly in the industrial countries, even though sometimes reluctantly and with many warnings from industry and governments about the costs. However, in many areas there has been a gratifying improvement.
1. The author points out that, to some extent, public awareness of pollution ____ .
A) dates back to the first years of the Industrial Revolution
B) emerged late in the process of industrialisation
C) first appeared in the 1960s
D) was first voiced at the Stockholm UN conference
2. It is implied in the passage that both industry and governments have ____ .
A) found ways of ignoring public pressures as regards pollution
B) not always been willing, mainly for economic reasons, to take action to prevent pollution
C) come out in support of the policies recommended at the Stockholm UN conference
D) constantly been in the forefront of pollution control policies since the 1960s
3. According to the passage, in spite of the lack of cooperation from industry and governments ____ .
A) the UN has introduced drastic measures to ensure the prevention of any further pollution
B) the problem of pollution has now been fully solved worldwide
C) the costs of pollution control work have been less than was expected
D) someconsiderable progress has been made towards controlling pollution
Many athletes' credit drugs with improving their performance, but some of them may want to thank their brain instead. Mounting evidence suggests that the boost from human growth hormone (HGH), an increasingly popular doping drug, might be caused by the placebo effect. In a new double-blind trial funded by the World Anti-Doping Agency, in which neither researchers nor participants knew who was receiving HGH and who was taking a placebo, the researchers asked participants to guess whether or not they were on the real drug. Then they examined the results of the group who guessed that they were getting HGH when, in fact, they had received a placebo. That group improved at four fitness tests measuring strength, endurance, power and sprint capacity. The study participants who guessed correctly that they were taking a placebo did not improve, according to preliminary results presented at the Society for Endocrinology meeting in June 2011. “The finding really shows the power of the mind” said Ken Ho, an endocrinologist at the Garvan Institute in Sydney, Australia, who led the study. She maintains that many athletes are reaping the benefits of the placebo effect, without knowing whether what they are taking is beneficial or not.
1. It is clearly stated in the passage that the support given by certain drugs ____.
A) is largely accepted for its positive contribution to performance
B) has been proven by many studies around the world
C) has led authorities to take the necessary measures against these drugs
D) has been openly disputed by most of the athletes
E) results in the improved performances of all the athletes who take them
2. It is understood from the passage that the placebo effect ____.
A) ) is highly esteemed among those who are interested in athletics
B) can play a significant role in improving the performances of athletes
C) has been monitored in the participating groups that consist of people taking doping drugs
D) was also tested in other branches of sports where competition exists
3. It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
A) external interventions may have negative impacts on one’s performance
B) every athlete should be involved in a study to increase his or her performance
C) success lies in the power of one’s mind no matter which treatment he or she is exposed to
D) the World Anti-Doping Agency should be much more careful about the use of drugs in sports
New Yorkers are often regarded as being unkind. Actually, this is not a fair attitude. They are willing to help people who need help, but experience has taught them a lot of people don’t want to be helped. Are New Yorkers less kind people – less caring on the inside – than city dwellers in other places? Not at all. When you talk to them about this, many give good reasons for their reluctance to help strangers. Most have been taught early on that reaching out to people you don’t know can be dangerous. To survive in New York, they were taught that they should avoid even the potentially suspicious. Some also express concern that others might not want help, that the stranger, too, might be afraid of outside contact or might feel insulted. Many tell stories of being abused for trying to help. As one woman explains, she saw an elderly man with a walking stick who appeared unable to cross a busy street. When she gently offered to help, he replied angrily, “When l want help, I’ll ask for it. Mind your own business.” Over and over, New Yorkers say that they care deeply about the needs of strangers, but that the realities of city living prevent them from reaching out. People speak with nostalgia of the past, when they would pick up hitchhikers or arrange a meal for a hungry stranger.
1. The aim of the passage is to ----.
A) show that the people of New York are not basically unkind
B) explain why people in New York are so kind
C) to encourage people to be more helpful
D) help us to understand why the old man in the story was so angry
2. In the story, a woman offers to help an old man in a kind and friendly way, ----.
1
A) but he decides not to cross the road
B) and he accepts her help gratefully
C) and this surprises him
D) but he refuses her help in an unpleasant way
1
60. We understand from the passage that people who seem to be in need of help ----.
1
A) are not always ready to receive help
B) can easily look after themselves
C) enjoy being helped by strangers
D) are very uncommon in New York
1
Travelling east along the coast to Antalya, you may easily miss the great Lake of Köyceğiz lying behind the orange trees. Visitors at nearby Dalyan sail regularly back and forth between the famous small peninsula of sand where turtles build their nests and the ancient ruins of Caunus four miles away. They may even visit the mud baths at the tip of the lake. Yet they seldom try to swim in the lake itself, which is strangely hidden away from both the highway and the tourist crowd; this has helped the lake to evolve into a rare area of ecological importance.
1. The passage is largely concerned with the ----. A) historical ruins around Köyceğiz
B) great Lake of Köyceğiz
C) sandy beaches around Köyceğiz
D) turtles nesting in Dalyan
2. From the passage, we understand that ----.
A) Köyceğiz, Dalyan and Caunus are close to one another
B) visitors visit the lake more than other places in the area
C) the turtles nest in the mud at the tip of the lake
D) one has to travel to Antalya in order to see the Lake of Köyceğiz E) Caunus is a modern settlement
3. The passage states that the main reason why the Lake of Köyceğiz has become an important ecological area is that ----.
A) it is surrounded by orange trees
B) visitors prefer to see Dalyan and Caunus rather than the lake
C) it is hidden away from the main road and the crowds of tourists
D) visitors going to Antalya rarely stop there
In the years following the Chernobyl reactor disaster in 1986, nuclear power was seen as a dying industry. Public support had lessened because of safety fears, and many countries decided to put a halt to new reactor construction. But there has recently been a dramatic revival of interest in nuclear energy, thanks to the twin threats of climate change and energy insecurity. Nuclear reactors do not emit CO2 when they generate electricity, so governments are increasingly seeing the construction of such reactors as a way to bring down carbon emissions and generate stable supplies of electricity.
1. Based on the passage, we may conclude that ----.
A) stable supplies of electricity can be generated without the aid of nuclear reactors
B) threats of climate change and energy insecurity have recently caused a lack of interest in clean energy
C) as nuclear reactors emit CO2 when they generate electricity, governments are considering bringing down their numbers
D) people were worried about safety conditions after the Chernobyl disaster
2. The main subject emphasized in the passage is ----.
A) the public’s fears about safety
B) nuclear power as a dying industry
C) the twin threats of climate change and energy insecurity
D) the renewed interest in nuclear reactors and the reasons for it
3. We learn from the passage that governments are now becoming ----.
A) less worried about climate change
B) more aware of the dangers of nuclear power
C) less interested in producing stable electricity supplies
D) more supportive of nuclear energy
WRITING
Exercise 1: Reading an instructional process diagram.
Find the beginnings and ends.
Analyze where the process starts and ends. This is important information as it will help structure your writing. The obvious thing to do is to start at the beginning and carry on until you get to the end.
The chart below shows the process of waste paper recycling.
- Where is the beginning here? Waste paper is collected (item 1).
- Where is the end? Usable paper is manufactured (item 7).
The introduction and conclusion
This is a key part of your description. What you need to do here is to give an overall view of the process. Again, you want to ask yourself questions, such as:
- What happens as a result of this process? Usable paper is manufactured by a paper making machine
- How many stages are there in this process?6
- Is there one simple process or are there variations within the process? One simple process
Typically, you will either write a longer introduction or add a conclusion. You will not normally need both an extended introduction and conclusion. Now, write an introduction.
The flow chart shows how waste paper is recycled.
Understand the different stages of the process
The next point is to try and understand how the process works. Typically, there will be some problem in understanding the diagram: it is not always the case that everything is in a natural order. The key is to stop and think and look. This is a visual task and you need to look at all the visual clues. What you are looking for are normally simple things. It is often a good idea to ask yourself the WH questions.
In the diagram above, note down the following details:
- HOW MANY STAGES?there are 6 stages in the process
- Direction of ARROWSthere is a simple pattern of arrows
Topic language
The process will normally be an everyday event that everyone is familiar with, you should not need any specialized language. Sometimes, as in this example, you will be given some topic vocabulary. If you are, be careful of two points:
- try to vary the language if you can, but don’t worry too much if you can’t. It may be that the language you are given is the correct topic language and there are no, or few, variations
- don’t copy language incorrectly. If you are given a verb, you may need to change it into a noun.
Sequencing language
Some of the most important language you need is vocabulary to say in what order things happen. It is important to have some variation here. Some very basic options are:
next / then / after / before / once
Passives
A key grammatical area is very often the passive. We use this when it is not important who “does” the action. So, if you have a process diagram showing the making of wine, you may choose to write:
the grapes are crushed and their stems are removed
Now write an essay related with the diagram above by making use of the guidelines given below:
Paragraphs 1 and 2 sequencing language
At the first stage…Then….Next… Following this… Finally…
Paragraph 1 & 2 organization and vocabulary.
This follows the waste paper recycling procedure step by step. 4. You can use:
- “production” for “manufacture”
- “transport” for “deliver”
- “take out” for “removal”
The flow chart shows how waste paper is recycled. It is clear that there are six distinct stages in this process, from the initial collection of waste paper to the eventual production of usable paper.
At the first stage in the paper recycling process, waste paper is collected either from paper banks, where members of the public leave their used paper, or directly from businesses. This paper is then sorted by hand and separated according to its grade, with any paper that is not suitable for recycling being removed. Next, the graded paper is transported to a paper mill. Stages four and five of the process both involve cleaning. The paper is cleaned and pulped, and foreign objects such as staples are taken out. Following this, all remnants of ink and glue are removed from the paper at the de-inking stage. Finally, the pulp can be processed in a paper making machine, which makes the end product: usable paper.
(160 words, band 9)
Exercise 2:The diagram below shows how a central heating system in a house works. Write an introduction / Overview and a conclusion. Then, write the missing information and stages in the essay.
Thisdiagramprovides an overview of a domesticcentralheatingsystem.Itshowshowthe tank, boilerandpipesensure a constantflow of hot watertoboththeradiatorsandthetaps.
First, thecoldwaterentersthehouseand is stored in a waterstorage tank in theroof.Next, fromthereitflowsdowntotheboiler, located on thegroundfloor of thehouse.
Afterthat, theboiler, which is fuelledbygasoroil, heatsupthewater as it passesthrough it.The hot water is thenpumpedroundthehousethrough a system of pipesandflowsintotheradiators, located in differentrooms. Followingthis, thewatercirculatesthroughtheradiators, whichhavesmalltubes inside themtohelpdistributetheheat, andthisfinallywarmseach of therooms. Some of thewateris directedtothetapstoprovide hot waterforthehouse.
Oncethewater has beenthroughthepipesandradiators, it is returnedtotheboilerto be re-heatedandcirculatedroundthehouseagain.
Introduction:Firstsentence.
Overview:Secondsentence.
Keyfeatures:Entry of coldwaterintoboiler; circulation of hot watertoradiatorsandtaps; return of watertoboiler.
Supportinginformation:direction of flow; types of boiler; location of radiators; radiatortubes
Paragraphbreaks:Theparagraphbreaks mark stages in theprocess.
Linkers:and, fromthere, then, once, againReferencewords: it, both, there, which, this
Topicvocabulary:enters, stored, roof, flows, groundfloor, located, passes, pumped, system, circulates, heat, directed, returned, re-heated
Lesscommonvocabulary:ensure, fuelledby, heatsup, distributetheheat, warms
Structures: An appropriatemix of activeandpassivestructuresand a range of sentencetypesareused.
Length: 172 words
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