POS REVIEW

POS / FUNCTION / EXAMPLE
(1) / NOUN / namesperson, place object(plural, possessive, articles, many functions) / volume, Bible, literature, grammar, love, depression, concert, Ozzfest, Nanticoke
(2) / PRONOUN / substitutes for a Noun / I, her, theirs, who, whom, it, its, themselves
(3) / VERB / shows action or state of being (tenses) / give, go, is, was, runs, sneaked
(4) / ADJECTIVE / modifies Noun or PN / happy, spontaneous, three
(5) / ADVERB / modifies Adjective, Verb, Adverb / usually, there, tonight, not
(6) / PREPOSITION / relates a Noun/PN to another word / in, on, of, from, for, during
(7) / CONJUNCTION / joins words or groups of words / and, but, after, since, if, when
(8) / INTERJECTION / shows strong emotion / Yes! D’oh! Wow!

SUBJECTS: (a subject = a “function,” not a POS)

  • NOUN or PRONOUN
  • Who or What is performing the action?
  • not the Object of the Preposition
  • only 1 job or function per sentence
  • regardless that the Object of the Preposition = a NOUN or PRONOUN
  • regardless that the Object of the Preposition = close to the verb

VERBS:

(1) show ACTION

  • run, jump, commemorate, elaborate, invigorate

(2) show STATE of BEING

  • “to be”: is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been
  • *HV + -ing:
  • In order to be verbs, words that end in (-ing) must be proceeded by a helping verb.
  • “to be” and has, have, had do, does, did, may, might, must, would, could, should
  • was working, am studying, were running, is relaxing
  • Without these helping verbs, such words would be gerunds or participles.
  • VERB TENSES:
  • tense = time
  • when an action occurred, occurs, will occur
  • each tense (as you can imagine) is divided into past, present, future
  • while we have 4 tenses, 2 are used more frequently than others
  • the Simple Tense
  • the Perfect Tense (when actions overlap the timeline)
  • the Progressive Tense
  • the Perfect Progressive Tense

ADJECTIVES:
  • modify NOUNS or PRONOUNS
  • What kind of?
  • How many?
  • location =
  • (ADJ + NOUN) or
  • (NOUN + LV + ADJ)
/ ADVERBS:
  • modify ADJECTIVES, VERBS, ADVERBS
  • How?
  • How often?
  • Where?
  • When?
  • To what extent?
  • usually end in (-ly)
  • not, never, seldom, always

PREPOSITIONS:
  • Anywhere a mouse can go + “of,” “for,” and “during”
  • in, on, by, to, of, for, across, below, beneath, beside, upon, with
  • Prepositional Phrases =
  • Preposition + Noun or Pronoun
  • N/PN function = the “Object of the Preposition”
  • to the modern grocery store, by the stagnant creek, across the busy college campus, of the dedicated students, for our eternal gratitude, during lunch
  • can have articles, adjectives, and adverbs (when modifying adjectives)
  • cannot have verbs
/ INFINITIVES:
  • 2 words
  • 1st word = “to”
  • 2nd word = a verb
  • to get, to learn, to study, to write, to proofread, to copy, to rent, to burn, to buy
  • Infinitives are not verbs.
  • Infinitives are not prepositional phrases.

CONJUNCTIONS:

  • joining words
  • used to link words, phrases, or clauses

(1) coordinating conjunctions / (2) subordinating conjunctions
  • join “equal” words, phrases, clauses
  • FAN BOYS
  • for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
  • “for” means “because”
/
  • “under” the main idea
  • start clauses that always = fragments
  • time or cause-effect
  • since, if, when, although, because, unless