Name: ______
Biochemistry – Bringing it all together
1. The molecule below is glucose. The formula for glucose is __C6H12O6______. Since glucose is a monomer or a single molecule it is the type of carbohydrate known as a ___Monosaccharide____. Other examples of this type of carbohydrate are _fructose_____ and ____galactose______. These are used by living things as a source of ______energy
2. When two of these molecules join together, what has to be removed? ___H2O ______
+
3. Since this type of sugar consists of two molecules, it is called a ____disaccharide__. Some specific sugars of this type are ___sucrose_ and ____maltose______. The formula for this type of sugar molecule is __C6H22O11____.
4. If three or more sugar monomers join together, they form a ___polysaccharide__. Examples of these are _____cellulose______in plants and ______glycogen____ in animals.
5. What is the name of the molecule shown to the left? __glycerol
When this molecule combines with 3 fatty acids, a __fat______is formed. What 3 things must be removed from this molecule to join with the fatty acids? __H’s__
6. When the 3 fatty acids shown below bind with …what must be removed from the fatty acids? _OH’s______
7. Lipids are used to ___store__ energy. When lipids (also known as fats) have the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms connected to each carbon atom, the molecule is said to be __saturated______. These are also a solid at room temperature. ____Unsaturated__ fats are when they exist as a liquid at room temperature. This is because the carbon atoms have a fewer number of hydrogen atoms attached to them.
8. In the fatty acid molecule to the left, the circled part is known as a
_____carboxyl____ group. It is often written as COOH.
Other examples of fats include ___steroids_, _waxes______.
9. Proteins are formed by the linking together of _____amino acids___. The covalent bonds binding these molecules together are called ______peptide____ bonds.
10. In the molecule to the left, the circled component is known as an
_____amino__ group. Proteins serve a variety of functions in the
human body. An example of protein providing structure would be _____actin or myosin. Hemoglobin is a protein used for transport______. ______antibodies of the immune system are also proteins. What elements are present in proteins that are not present in carbohydrates or lipids? __N and sometimes __S__.
11. The fourth group of organic compounds is ____nucleic _acids__. These were not investigated in any of the labs that we performed on organic compounds.
12. When a chemical reaction occurs, there are the ingredients which are known as ___reactants_. The result of a chemical reaction produces ____products__ which are found to the right of the arrow in a chemical equation. When energy is released during a chemical reaction, it is referred to as a(n) ____exothermic_ reaction. When energy is absorbed it is called a(n) ____endothermic__ reaction.
13. Enzymes are in the organic compound category of __proteins______and they act as ___catalysts which means that they increase the rate of a chemical reaction. An example of an enzyme that we worked with is _____catalase___. What happened when hydrogen peroxide was exposed to the enzyme?
___oxygen _ and __waterwere produced and __heat___ was released.
14. The chemicals or compounds that bind to an enzyme are called __substrates______. The point at which these bind to the enzyme is called the __active site___.
15. The property of water that allows plants to move water from their roots to their leaves is called __capillary action______. The ___adhesive___ property of water causes the molecules to stick to other molecules. The fact that water requires a lot of energy to raise its temperature is because of its high ______specific _heat______. When water freezes, it ______expands. This causes ice to be less __dense__. Because of this property, ponds freeze from the top/bottom first. The property that causes bodies of water to resist drying up in the heat
is water’s high ___heat of vaporization______. Water is a good ______solvent___.
16. Why is this property important to living things? Keeps us cool when we sweat by removing a large amount of heat. Preserves aquatic environments.
17. Water also has high __surface tension______. This allows some organisms to skim cross the surface of water. The _____cohesive__ properties of water cause the molecules to stick together.
Define:
18. Covalent Bond: when two atoms share electrons
19. Ionic Bond: when one atom donates an electron to another
20. A charged particle is caused a(n) ___ion______.
21. When element with a different number of neutrons is a(n) _____isotope______.
22. How many protons does the Carbon atom have? __6_
23. How many electrons does a stable Carbon atom have? _6___
24. What is the atomic number of oxygen? _8__
25. If you add a proton to a carbon atom, what do you have? _nitrogen______
26. What is the atomic mass of sodium? __22.98______
27. How many neutrons are in an atom of chlorine? ____18______
28. What is pH?- a measure of the hydrogen concentration
29. Define:
Acid: pH less than 7, H ions produced
Base: pH greater than 7, OH ions produced
30. What value is neutral on the pH scale? 7____
31. How many times more acidic is a solution with a pH of 4 than a solution with a pH of 5? _10____
32. You should be familiar with what happened in the labs:
What was Benedict Solution used for? Simple sugars
What was Biuret Solution used for? protein
What was Iodine used for? starch
How did we test for fat? Applying the butter to brown paper. It turned translucent
33. You should know the components of the Enzyme Lab. (What was the enzyme, substrate and products.
Enzyme – Catalase
Substrate – Hydrogen Peroxide
Products – Water, Oxygen gas and Heat