Unit 1.2 The War Against the Plains Indians

I.  The Indian Wars

  1. 1st Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851): Plains Indian groups agreed to ______in return for the government ______to honor those boundaries forever
  2. American Settlers Move into the Great Plains
  3. ______treaties signed by US government
  4. Forced the Indians to move further west
  5. Began killing the ______
  6. Plains Indians relied on the buffalo as their ______of food, clothing, & shelter
  7. As more settlers entered the plains, the buffalo hunting grounds were destroyed
  8. Farmers killed buffalo to protect their crops
  9. Professional hunters killed buffalo for their fur or for sport
  10. Railroad companies killed buffalo to keep them from blocking the tracks
  11. The US Army killed buffalo to deprive the Indians of food and force them onto the reservations
  12. Dakota Sioux Uprising (1862)
  13. Dakota Sioux had agreed to stay on a reservation in Minnesota in return for annual payments by US government
  14. During the Civil War, Congress ______paying Sioux, resulting in widespread ______
  15. Chief Little Crow asked traders to sell the Sioux food on credit; traders refused
  16. In desperation, the Sioux became violent and killed many of the traders and some other settlers
  17. Military courts sentenced 307 Dakota Sioux to ______; President Lincoln reduced the number to 38
  18. Many of the Sioux left the Minnesota reservation and took moved to the empty Dakota Territory
  19. The Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
  20. US ______the Cheyenne tribe to give up lands promised to them
  21. Cheyenne retaliated by ______settlements in Colorado
  22. Government ordered the Cheyenne to surrender or face the consequences
  23. Cheyenne arrived to negotiate a peace treaty and made camp at Sand Creek, Colorado
  24. US forces sneak-attacked the Cheyenne, killing about 270, including women and children in retaliation for the Cheyenne’s earlier attacks on settlers
  25. The Lakota Sioux
  26. Several conflicts occurred on the Great Plains between the US Army and the Sioux
  27. The Fetterman Massacre (1866): Sioux ambushed and killed 80 Army soldiers
  28. The Indian Peace Commission (1867), created by Congress proposed creating two large reservations on the plains which would be managed by agents of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Army; Native Americans rejected the plan
  29. 2nd Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868)
  30. Guaranteed the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills in the Dakotas
  31. Miners violated the treaty after gold was discovered in the Black Hills
  32. Battle of Little Big Horn (1876): also known as “______”
  33. US Army under George A. Custer launched an attack on a group of 2500 Sioux & Cheyenne
  34. The Indians repulsed the attack, then surrounded Custer and ______him and all of his men
  35. The Ghost Dance
  36. The Sioux finally surrendered in 1877 and settled on a reservation under Chief Sitting Bull
  37. Sioux had begun performing a religious ritual known as the Ghost Dance, a ______of a day when the white settlers would disappear, the buffalo would return, and all of the Indians’ dead ancestors would come back
  38. In 1890, federal agents ______the Ghost Dance, but the Lakota ignored the order
  39. Sitting Bull was ______for the Sioux's defiance and ordered arrested; while "resisting" arrest he was shot and killed
  40. The Wounded Knee Massacre
  41. Angered over Sitting Bull’s death, the Sioux _____ the reservation, breaking their treaty agreement; US Army went after them to force them back onto the reservation
  42. Dec. 29, 1890: the Army caught the Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek, resulting in a battle; 25 US soldiers and about 200 Lakota (mostly women, children, and the elderly) died
  43. ______battle of the Indian Wars
  44. Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce
  45. The Nez Perce tribe ______to give up their reservation in Idaho in 1877
  46. The US Army threatened to forcibly relocate them; violence broke out and the Nez Perce fled, trying to reach Canada
  47. The Nez Perce led the Army on a 1300 mile chase and got within 30 miles of Canadian border before being cut off by the Army and surrendering and being relocated to Oklahoma
  48. Helen Hunt Jackson
  49. Wrote the book ______(1881)
  50. ______the way the US government and Army had treated the Indians, urged Congress to make amends
  51. Created concern for the troubles faced by the Indians, led Congress to try to find a new approach to Indian relations
  52. The Dawes Act (1887): Congress' attempt to ______the Native Americans by assimilating them into American society
  53. Law abolished all tribal organizations
  54. Broke up reservation land and gave each Indian household ______for farming
  55. Any leftover reservation land was sold to white settlers and the money went into a trust set aside for Native Americans
  56. The Dawes Act was a ______
  57. The land given to the Indians was of ______quality
  58. Indians had no interest or experience in farming, didn’t want to be assimilated into American society
  59. Indians resented the loss of their own culture (language, rituals, style of dress)
  60. Many Indians sold their land
  61. Government agents put in charge of the Indians were often ______or biased
  62. Eventually, however, the government's Indian “problem” was solved by the decrease in Indian population due to hunger, poverty and disease