Chapter 3 Notes: Biochemistry

Compounds

•Review: What is a compound?

•A substance that contains: ______

•All compounds can be classified into 2 categories:

  1. ______compounds contain carbon atoms and are found in living things.
  2. ______compounds do not contain carbon atoms.

Carbon Bonding

•Carbon atoms can form _____ covalent bonds with other ______

•Carbon atoms can form _____ covalent bonds with other ______.

•This bonding allows the carbon atoms to form a wide ______of simple and complex organic compounds.

•Each line represents a ______bond

•Carbon bonds can be in a ______chain, ______brain or in a ______

•They can have single, double, or triple bonds

Functional Groups

•Functional groups are groups of atoms that ______the properties of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate.

•4 of them to remember

Hydroxyl

Carboxyl

Amino

Phosphate

Large Carbon Molecule

•Small molecules are called ______

•A bunch of monomers bonded together are called ______

•Large polymers are called ______

•4 main types (second section)

Condensation Reactions

•Condensation reactionsjoin ______to form polymers.

•A condensation reaction releases ______as a by-product.

Hydrolysis Reactions

•In a hydrolysis reaction, polymers ______into monomers

•______is used to split polymers into monomers.

Energy in an organism

•Adenosine triphosphate (_____) stores and releases ______during cell processes, enabling organisms to function.

•Example of a hydrolysis reaction

Section 2: Molecules of Life

Four types of macromolecules

  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids
  4. Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

•Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of ______, ______, and ______in a ratio of about one carbon to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom. (______)

•Carbohydrates are a source of ______and are used as structural materials in organisms.

Three types of carbohydrates

  1. Monosaccharides
  • Simple ______
  • ______of a carbohydrate
  • Example: ______
  • Most common ones are ______(main energy in cells), ______(fruit sugar) and ______(milk sugar)
  1. Disaccharides
  • Are ____ monosaccharides bonded together
  • This is done through a ______reaction
  • Fructose + glucose = ______(table sugar)
  1. Polysaccharides

•Complex molecule composed of ___ or more monosaccharides

•3 examples

  1. Glycogen

–Hundreds of ______bonded together

–Stored as glycogen in ______liver

  1. Starch

–Hundreds of ______bonded together

–Stored in ______

  1. Cellulose

–Made by plants; part of the ______

PROTEINS

•Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of ______, ______, ______, and ______

•Proteins have many functions including structural, defensive, and catalytic roles.

•Proteins are made up of monomers called ______. The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s shape and function.

Amino Acids can bond together

•Dipeptides and Polypeptides

–Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form a ______

–A long chain of amino acids is called a ______

–Proteins are ______molecules containing hundreds of amino acids that can bend and form different ______

Enzymes are proteins

•Enzymes

–Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and bind to specific substrates.

–The binding of a ______with an enzyme causes a change in the enzyme’s shape

–The substrate is the ______in the reaction

–This binding reduces the ______required for the reaction to occur.

LIPIDS

•Lipidsare ______molecules

•They store ______

•are an important part of cell ______

•Mostly made up of ______

Fatty Acids

•Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched carbon molecules that have a ______end (carboxyl group) and a ______end.

Three groups of lipids that contain fatty acids

  1. Triglycerides

–Triglyceridesconsist of ______and one molecule of the alcohol glycerol.

–Typically have high melting points and solid at room temperature

–Common saturated triglycerides are butter, and fats in red meats

–Unsaturated triglycerides are in plant seeds

  1. Phospholipids
  • Phospholipidsconsist of ______and one glycerol molecule
  • make up cell ______
  • Has a ______region and a nonpolar region
  1. Waxes
  • A waxis made of ______chain joined to one long alcohol.
  • ______
  • In plants, form a protective covering on outer surface of leaf

Steroids

  • A steroid is composed of four fused carbon ______; no fatty acids
  • Human hormones like testosterone are steroids

NUCLEIC ACIDS

•A nucleic acid is a large and complex organic molecule that stores and transports information

•Building block of DNA (______) which determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activities

•Building block of RNA (______) which stores and transfers information from DNA in order to make proteins

•Made of ______

•Made up of 3 main components