After Completion of ESL Add-On Endorsement Coursework, Students Are Required by the State

Praxis

After completion of ESL add-on endorsement coursework, students are required by the state of Tennessee to take the Praxis Teaching English as a Second Language test #0360. Students must score 530 or higher to pass the Praxis test. Students are not eligible for recommendation for ESL add-on endorsement from the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga until all required coursework has been completed and they have passed the Praxis test. To register for the next ESL Praxis exam or to look at sample questions please refer to:

www.ets.org/praxis.

Praxis Study Information

Terms to remember:

· Morphology

· Phonology

· Lexicon

· Lexical stem

· Connotation

· Denotation

· Bound morpheme

· Free morpheme

· Derivational morpheme

· Allomorph

· Syntax

· Nomenclature

· Psycholinguist

· Sociolinguist

· Bilingual education

· Language acquisition

· Second language acquisition

· Acculturation

· Code-switching

· Content-Based instruction

Acronyms:

· ESL

· NELB

· LES

· ELL

· FEP

· CALP

· NEP

· LAB

· TPR

· OCR

· ESOL

· LEP

· IPT

· EFL

· LEA

· L1

· L2

· LAS

Names and Theories:

· Cummins, James (1980)- Identified BICS, CALPS

· Asher, James J. (1960s)-Total Physical Response (TPR) Involves issuing a directive, hearing and interpreting, taking action, and visibly confirming and/or disconfirming.

· Krashen, Stephen-Natural Approach, Monitor Model

· Terrell-Natural Approach-Involves a high amount of input. Developed a taxonomy of language development:

Preproduction

Early production

Speech emergence

Intermediate fluency

Fluency

· Berns, Margie-Communicative Approach

· Bar-Lev- Sheltered Instruction

· Chomsky, Noam-Developed an explanation of language production/development which explained that our language is a collection of feelings, thoughts, information, beliefs, and so on, for different purposes in life. He believes language is a complicated collection of these items.

· Postovsky, V.A.- Comprehension Based Learning. Uses silent feedback (pointing, drawing, etc.)

· Chamot, Anna- Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA)

· Gouin and Berlitz-Direct Method-Second language learning should model first language learning in that it should be learned directly; grammar is taught iinductively with no explanations, the learner’s first language is not used in the class, and new vocabulary is introduced for demonstration.

Legal Cases:

· 1868-14th Amendment-Equal protection to anyone within a particular jurisdiction

· 1964-Civil Rights Act-Title VI-Protects against discrimination

· 1974-Equal Education Opportunity Act (EEOA). Shall not deny equal educational opportunity on the basis of race, color, etc.

Supreme Court Decisions:

· 1974 Lau v. Nichols-Equal is not just giving the same texts in the same language. The Office for Civil Rights sets requirements for compliance with the Civil Rights Act.

· 1982 Plyler vs. Doe (Texas)-14th Amendment prohibits states from denying education to undocumented immigrant children. It connected residency and the right to attend school.

Federal Courts:

· 1981 Castenada v. Pickard-

1. Theory- Sound and legitimate

2. Practice- Must implement programs with practices, resources, and personnel needed

3. Results-Schools must not persist in programs which do not produce results

· 1988 Y.S. v. School District of Philadelphia- Don’t place students with different languages in special education classes because they can’t communicate with the student and/or parents.