REVIEW - Global History: VOCABULARY
GLOBAL HISTORY REVIEW: TERMS … IDEASGlobal History REVIEW / Geographic and Climatic terms
Amazon rainforest / hot, humid, a victim of deforestation in Brazil
AndesMountains / nicknamed "cordillera" or backbone - they promoted "Cultural Diversity" in South America
archipelago / chain of (volcanic) islands: Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia
arid / hot & dry
Black Sea / Russia's warm-water port
Cape of Good Hope / at the tip of southern Africa, where the Atlantic and IndianOceans meet
Dardanelles & Bosporus / they connect the Black Sea with the Mediterranean Sea - city of Constantinople located here
deforestation / cutting down trees usually for farmland
desertification / when a desert such as the Sahara continues to expand thus taking up valuable farmland
English Channel / it separates England from Continental Europe
Equator / 0 degrees latitude - areas are usually hot and dry
Grand Canal System of China / Over 1,000 miles of waterways connecting northern China (Beijing) with southern China (Hangzhou/Shanghai) … trade / commerce … transportation
Himalayas / tallest mountains in the world - they separate/act as a "Cultural Barrier" between India and China
IndoChina / Southeast Asia
Kashmir / land in northern India - fought over between IndiaChina
KoreanPeninsula / acts as a "land bridge" between China and Japan - allowed Chinese culture to spread to Japan
Llanos / grassland in Venezuela
Mediterranean Climate / cool winters, warm summers, [NO extreme temperatures] - found along coasts of northern & southern Africa, and eastern Mediterranean Sea [Israel] GREAT for growing crops [grapes, oranges]
Mediterranean Sea / at one time if was nicknamed a "RomanLake" because Rome controlled all land surrounding it - also used as a trade route during Renaissance
monsoon / brings needed rain to India and Bangladesh [June - -> August], they also affect Southeast Asia [Vietnam]
NileRiver / a "center/source of Life" in Egypt - supplies FRESH Water
Northern European Plain / an invasion route for Napoleon and Hitler to Russia/USSR
Pacific Rim / Industrial nations in Far East [Asia]: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan
Pampas / grassland in Argentina
Panama Canal / a strategic chokepoint located in Latin America - connects the Atlantic with Pacific Ocean
Persian Gulf / location of more than 1/2 of the world's oil supply
SaharaDesert / acts as a "natural/cultural barrier" between northern and southern Africa - led to the creation of a largely Arab/Muslim northern Africa [Egypt, Libya, Algeria] & multi-cultural [Hutu, Tutsi, Ibo, Hausa, Bantu, etc.] southern Africa
Savanna / grassland in Kenya
Siberia / rich in mineral resources, yet difficult to get because its so cold
Subsistence agriculture / Growing just enough for your family to survive
Suez Canal / a strategic chokepoint [shortcut from Europe to the Persian Gulf and India] connects Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea/Indian Ocean
taiga / Russian forest land
Terrain / Land … physical features
YucatanPeninsula / located in southern Mexico - once home to the Mayas
Global History REVIEW / Belief Systems: Animism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism & Shintoism
religion / when a person believes in / puts faith in 1 or more gods [supreme/spiritual beings]
philosophy / ideas & thoughts which guide how a person should live his/her life
Animism / a polytheistic religion - everything/many things in nature have spirits [rivers: the Nile in Egypt, volcanoes, etc, the Sun:Ra for Egyptians]
polytheism / believing in more than 1 god
Hinduism / a polytheistic religion practiced in India
Upanishads, Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita, Mahabharata / sacred writings in the Hindu religion
Dharma / a person's/Hindus duties in life
Karma / a judgement in the end of a Hindu's life which states whether he/she has fulfilled all of his/her duties and thus lived a "good" life - reward is reincarnation into a "higher" caste
caste / a system of social grouping in Hinduism based on a person's actions in a past life
reincarnation / the rebirth of a person's soul in Hinduism
nirvana / the ultimate state of happiness in Hinduism & Buddhism
Brahmin / the priest class in Hinduism
cow / its sacred to Hindus
Sikhism / Monotheistic religious group in northwest India [Punjab] … people believe in equality for all people … they do not believe or follow the caste system … this group wants to be independent … they engaged in terrorism against the Government of India in an failed attempt to gain it …
Buddhism / a religion/philosophy [belief system] in Asia - says a person should give up material goods & meditate to find happiness
Buddha / Gautama Siddhartha - the founder of Buddhism
Dalai Lama / reincarnation of Buddha - spiritual leader of Tibet
Four Noble Truths / in Buddhism - our suffering is caused by our desire for material goods/things
Eight-Fold Path / in Buddhism - the way to end suffering is to give up material goods & meditate
Confucianism / a Chinese philosophy - it created an "orderly" society
Mandate of Heaven / the emperor sets the example for the people because it is RIGHT
filial piety / respecting & honoring the wishes of your elders/parents/grandparents
ancestor veneration / respecting the dead souls of your departed relatives & ancestors
Civil Service Examination / a way of advancing in China by studying for & taking tests - SCHOLARS/EDUCATORS are valued/hold HIGH position in society
Analects / saying of Confucius [the founder of Confucianism]
Daoism / a Chinese philosophy stressing harmony between man and nature
Legalism / a Chinese philosophy - it stresses SEVERE punishment for crimes - practiced in Singapore - [i.e. - it is against the law to chew gum or smoke in public]
Shintoism / a religion/philosophy in Japan - it stresses respect & loyalty for Japanese land & to the Japanese nation/emperor
Global History REVIEW / Belief Systems: Middle East - Christianity, Judaism, Islam
Jerusalem / center of 3 monotheistic religions: Christianity, Judaism & Islam
monotheism / belief in 1 God
Christianity / monotheistic religion founded by the birth of Jesus Christ
Bible / Holy Book [Old Testament & New Testament] of Christianity
Church / place where Christians pray/worship on Sunday
Icon / Religious painting … eastern (Russian) Orthodox believe the figure in the icon has certain religious power … when you pray in front of it .. it’s like you’re praying to the individual who is depicted (shown) in the painting
Mosaic / Tiles of various shapes & colors used to create pictures/paintings … done in OrthodoxChristianChurches
Sunday / Christians pray to God in Churches on this day
the Crusades / Christian Holy Wars [1095 AD - 1240] to free the Holy Land
Pope / head of the Roman Catholic Church
Russian/Greek Orthodox / branches of Christianity
Schism / a split in the Christian Church between Catholics and Orthodox
Judaism / a monotheistic religion founded by Abraham & Moses - centered in Jerusalem
Torah / Holy Book of Judaism
Talmud / Jewish Law
Jews / followers of Judaism
synagogue/temple / place where Jews pray on Friday night to Saturday at sunset
kosher / Jewish dietary law which states everything must be PURE & blessed by a Rabbi
Rabbi / the head of the Jewish religion
Friday night to Saturday / when Jews go to the temple/synagogue to pray
Intifada / fighting between Jews & Arab Palestinians in Jerusalem/West Bank
Islam / monotheistic religion founded by Mohammed around 622 AD centered in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Muslims/Moslems / people who follow Islam
Koran/Qur’an / Holy Book of Islam
mosque / place Muslims/Moslems go to pray on Friday
Sharia / Islamic law
Shi'ites / a very conservative branch of Islam - women have no rights [Iran, Afghanistan]
Islamic Fundamentalists / Shi'ites in Iran and Afghanistan - they want theocratic governments - religion tells government what to do
Sunnis / a branch of Islam - they believe in separating religion and politics
5 times each day / Muslims/Moslems must do it [pray] each day to Allah
Allah / the Islamic name for God
alcohol and pork / Islamic dietary laws forbid it
Five Pillars of Islam / Islamic Law guidelines/laws
hadj/hajj / a pilgrimage to Mecca done by Muslims/Moslems
jihad / Islamic Holy Wars
hegira / when Muhammad was forced to flee from Mecca to Medina [the start of the Islamic religion]
Mullah/Ayatollah / the heads of the Islamic religion
theocracy / when religion tells a government how to rule
secular / separation of religion and government
Wahabism / an "extreme" form of Islam .. part of Sunni branch of Islam ... very conservative ... states mosques should not have minarets .. men must not shave their beards .. women MUST be covered at all times .. practiced by Osama Bin Laden and some people in Saudi Arabia ... they support the Saudi Arabian "ruling" family
Global History REVIEW / [3500 BCE - - -> 500 BCE] "The Rise of Civilization"
10 Commandments / a set of written laws containing "moral codes" [what's right & what's wrong] given to Moses by God
Ancient Egypt / one the earliest known civilizations .. pharaohs, pyramids (belief in the afterlife), hieroglyphics, farming, animism .. also practiced slavery (the Hebrews)
anthropologists / they study bones/remains of humans
archaeologists / they study artifacts, buildings, tools of ancient man
artifacts / objects dating back to the Stone Age, tools, weapons
calligraphy / a form of writing
civilization / an advanced form of human culture, societies, laws, writing
Code of Hammurabi / world's first written law code
cuneiform / a form of writing developed by the Sumerians around 1500 BCE
Hebrews / developed the first monotheistic religion, claimed Jerusalem as historical/religious capital
hieroglyphics / a form of writing developed by the Ancient Egyptians
Huang He (Yellow River) / center of early Chinese Civilization
Kush / civilization located by Sudan .. circa 1700 -1500 BC .. matriarchal .. conducted trade with Ancient Egypt
Middle Kingdom / Chinese saw themselves as the center of the world .. ethnocentric
Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa / early Indian Civilizations, planned cities - also had running water & sewer systems
Neolithic Revolution / people settled down, started farming, towns begin to develop
oracle bones / an early form of writing developed in Ancient China
Paleolithic Era / Old Stone Age - people were nomadic hunters, used stone tools
Phoenicians / Mediterranean [sea] traders - helped give us our alphabet
pyramid / burial tombs for Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs
radio carbon dating / a way of determining how old something is
Shang Dynasty / early Chinese Civilization around 1700 BCE - made silk, developed a calendar, writing system
Sumeria/Mesopotamia / early ancient civilizations .. settled along the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers .. (part of the Fertile Crescent region) .. cuneiform (writing), obelisks (stone structures) .. Code of Hammurabi 1750 BC. - 1st set of written laws)
Global History REVIEW / [500 BCE - - -> 500 AD] "Greeks and Ancient Romans"
Ancient Rome / known for giving us a system of LAWS - protecting ALL citizens
Aryans / people who settled in northernIndia(Gangetic Plain) around 900 BCE
Athens, Greece / known for giving us DEMOCRACY
Christianity / a monotheistic religion adopted by the Romans and spread to the rest of the world
city - state / a small self-contained country like Athens and Sparta
dynasty / rule of 1 country by 1 family for many generations/years
Gupta Empire / the height of Hindu culture [100 AD] - caste system adopted
Han Dynasty / China [200 BCE - 220 AD] trade via Silk Route established between Europe & China
Hellenistic / Greek culture at its height
Latin / a language spoken in Ancient Rome
Pax Romana / 200 years of Roman PEACE
Persia / ancient empire in Iran [1500 BCE]
Qin Dynasty / China around 200 BCE - "Great Wall started"
republic / a country ruled by ELECTED representatives [people/officials]
Sparta / Greek warriors
Tributary system / A nation such as China … agrees to leave an area such as Vietnam alone … as long as it pays tribute $$$ to them (the Chinese) … The Mongols did the same thing in Russia in the 1200s
Twelve Tables / system of Roman Law to protect the Plebians [lower class]
Zhou Dynasty / China around 1500 BCE - adopted Confucianism & "Mandate of Heaven"
Global History REVIEW / [500 AD - - -> 1200 AD] "Islam and Middle Ages"
Arabic / language spoken by many people in northern Africa, Middle East
barbarians / people thought/said to have NO culture
Byzantine Empire / eastern Roman Empire centered in Constantinople [500 AD - 1240 AD] - preserved Greek and Roman learning for Western Europe
Constantinople / center of Byzantine Empire
Crusades / Christian Holy Wars to reclaim the Holy Land [Jerusalem/Bethlehem] - led to trade
cultural diffusion / the spreading/adapting of ideas between 2 or more cultures
Eastern Orthodox Christianity / a branch of Christianity - dates for Christmas & Easter are different - belief that "icons" [pictures of religious people, have spiritual power] - decentralized authority - NOT like Pope in Roman Catholic Church
Feudalism / feudal society / land for protection in Middle Ages
Franks / people who lived in France around 800 AD
Gauls / Another term for the French
Ghana / 750 – 1000 AD … west African civilization known for gold & salt trade
Golden Age of Islam / Arab scholars study Greek and Latin learning - borrow "0" from India
Heian Dynasty / Japan: Shintoism established as a religion - samurai warriors established
Holy Roman Empire / GermanyFrance ruled during the Middle Ages
Islam / centered around Mecca [Saudi Arabia]
Justinian Code / Byzantine "law code" from Rome
lord/noble / rich person / member of upper class
manor / large piece of land owned by a noble - self-sufficient
manorialism / economic system during Middle Ages - self-sufficient
merchants / traders
Seljuk Turks / they defeated/conquered the Byzantine Empire around 1400 AD
serfs / peasants
Slavs / people who lived in Russia around 800 AD
Sung Dynasty / China [1000 AD] - gunpowder, compass created
T'ang Dynasty / China [800 AD] - "Golden Age" - architecture, painting, Confucian philosophy
Vikings / warriors from Norway, Sweden [Scandinavia] excellent sailors
Global History REVIEW / [1200 AD - - -> 1500 AD] "Mongols, Renaissance, & Reformation"
"95 Theses" / Martin Luther wrote them - they pointed out Church abuse of power such as "indulgences"
artisan / a craftsman - carpenter, wheelmaker, potmaker
Axum / Christian kingdom in Ethiopia
Benin / African forest kingdom - impressive art [wood & metal] works
Black Death / 1300s - a disease that killed 25 million people [1 / 3 rd] of Europe's population
boyars / Russian upper class
Bubonic Plague / another term for "Black Death" in the 1300s
Bushido / Japanese military "Code of Honor" which samurai warriors lived by
Catholic Counter Reformation / Catholic Church's response to Martin Luther - Spanish Inquisition - books banned
Council of Trent / meeting by the Catholic Church because of the Reformation - indulgence sale halted
Daimyo / Japanese lord/wealthy landowner [during feudalism]
excommunicate / when the Catholic Church kicks a person out - says they aren't Catholic and can't go to Church or receive any of the Sacraments
feudalism / political system - land for protection
Gothic / A style of architecture … tall, large cathedrals/churches … elaborate decorations on the outside (top of the building) … 1300s - - - > 1700s
humanism / part of Renaissance - each person has value [self-worth]
indulgence / a Catholic Church practice of forgiving a person's sins after they "pay/give money" to have them removed
Jesuits / a Catholic religious order started by St.Ignatius of Loyola - strict educators
Kingdom of Mali / 1350 AD - capital Timbuktu - ruler: Mansa Musa - trade - Islamic center of learning
Magna Carta / Ends absolute monarchy in England
merchant / someone who buys and sells goods
Mongol Empire / it covered most of Asia from Russia to China
Mongols / Asian warriors on horseback - 1200s
Movable wooden type / Another term for the printing press
Protestant Reformation / 1500s - started by Martin Luther [the "white dude"] when he criticized Catholic Church practices such as the sale of indulgences [giving money to have your sins forgiven]
Renaissance / "rebirth" of culture in 1400s and 1500s in Europe
samurai / Japanese warriors [knights]
Scientific Method / developed by Galileo - learning is done by observing and experiencing things
secularism / separation of church from government
Seljuk Turks / came from Asia - conquered the Byzantine Empire [Constantinople]
Shogun / Japanese military ruler/dictator [under feudalism]
Songhai Empire / 1500 AD - replaced Mali Empire - trade with Europe & Asia
Spanish Inquisition / Catholic Church persecution of anyone NOT Catholic
St. Basel's Cathedral / famous Russian Orthodox Church in Moscow [Red Square] Russia
Sub-Saharan Africa / land/nations located SOUTH of the Sahara - "African" in culture
theocracy / when religion runs the government
Timbuktu / center of the Mali Empire [a city along the main trade route in the western Sahara during the 1300 & 1400s
Tsar / Czar / name for a ruler [king] of Russia .. taken from the Roman word for leader "Caesar"
Zimbabwe / south African kingdom - trade with India
Global History REVIEW / [1500 to 1700 AD] "Birth of the Modern World: World Explore & Absolute Monarchy"
absolute monarchy / KINGS ruled by TOTAL power
Absolutism / another term for "Absolute Monarchy"
Age of Reason / Another term for the Enlightenment
Aztecs / 1200 - 1520 AD - warriors in Mexico
capitalism / making a profit
Commercial Revolution / 1600 - 1700 - mercantilism - - -> capitalism
Creolles / Spaniards born in Latin America - landowners, bankers, priests
divine right / the power to rule comes from God
Elizabethan Era / 1500s … Great Britain … “Golden Age” … Queen Elizabeth rules … religious issue settled … peaceful relations with Parliament … defeat of the Spanish (Spanish Armada) .. beginning of Royal Stock Exchange … William Shakespeare
Encomienda / Large plantations in Latin America … peasants & natives work for just about nothing
(the) Encounter / Spanish Imperialism / Exploration in the New World circa 1500s …
English Revolution / Another term for the Puritan Revolution / English Civil War in England … Charles I is beheaded
Enlightened Despot / a ruler/dictator who allowed some change until it intruded on his/her power: Catherine the Great, Maria Theresa of Austria-Hungary
entrepreneur / business owner
free enterprise / a form of capitalism ... own a business & keep the profit .. no Govt. interference
French Revolution / late 1700s - French monarchy out - Napoleon in
Glorious Revolution / England becomes Protestant forever - William of Orange [a Dutchman] is on throne [1690]
Guild / Trade union
Hundred Years War / war between England and France [1330 - 1450]
Incas / 1200 - 1500 AD - lived in the AndesMountains [Peru] - architects, roadbuilders
Indigenous / Native people … people who were ORIGINALLY in the area BEFORE the Europeans arrived …