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BOB Design Document
Best Of Buckingham Design Document
Product of the NSF Team
Spring 2003
Prepared by Amy Bolton, Andrea Chen, Rebecca Clark,
Shelton K. Jewette, Tim Lewis and Soo Park
May 14, 2003
Table of Contents
Executive summary
Introduction
Background
Vision, Mission, Goals
Theory
Design Approach
Research
Phase I: Analysis & Design
Data Collection & Analysis
Needs Recognized
Role Models
Tasks (Functions)
Phase II: Design
Re-define role models/functions
Task Modeling
Flowcharting
Prioritize Functions
Phase III: Development
System Architecture
Content Modeling
Database Design
File System
System Overview
System Navigation
System Hardware & Software Specifications
System Integrity Controls
Future Recommendations
Points of Contact
Glossary
Appendix
References
Executive Summary
A grant secured by Dr. Kevin Clark, at George Mason University, required the creation of a system that addressed “bridging the digital divide by using self-directed learning communities.” In fall 2002, 11 graduate students worked with Dr. Clark to research issues such as digital divide, virtual communities and communities of practice. They used the research as they approached data collection in an underserved community in Northern Virginia. Using grounded theory, the team took a qualitative approach to collecting data while the overall method used for system development was the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). Analysis of the data produced a needs assessment that specified the community needs, the primary users and the essential functions that was in turn used to develop a system for the community. The fall 2002 team took these findings and created flowcharts, a wireframe and storyboard to start the design phase of the project.
The Spring 2003 student team consisted of 6 graduate students, as well as more involvement from community members in the design process. The project team continued to use the ADDIE model as they revisited the work of fall 2002 and refined the role models and functions. The continued process of re-design until development was supplemented by four usability tests (three with community members and 1 with those that fit the administrator, provider and advisor role models). The team of graduate students, hereafter referred to as the NSF team, completed a high fidelity prototype by May 2003. The programmer is expected to continue on with the project after the semester ends. This document explains the process and specifics included in creating the system, as well as next steps in further implementation and evaluation.
Introduction
Background
In Fall 2002, a team of George Mason University (GMU) graduate students in the Instructional Design and Development program of the Graduate School of Education worked on a project funded by the National Science Foundation. This project, a grant secured by Dr. Kevin Clark, focused on “bridging the digital divide by using self-directed learning communities.” (Clark, 2002) This required the students to conduct background research in the grant area as well as a local community that agreed to participate in the project process. The GMU graduate students, hereafter referred to as the NSF Team, used this grant as a vehicle to learn the instructional design and development process. The learning model implemented in this particular graduate program was a total immersion approach in which the students were placed in a constructivist environment that enable the learner to work in complex and relevant learning environments, take ownership of learning, view learning from multiple perspectives and multiple modes of learning, social negotiation, and self-awareness of knowledge construction. (Driscoll, 2000) It is what Wilson calls, “learning by inventing.” (1996)
The Design Team
The NSF Team held weekly meetings in Fall 2002 with Kim Fodor of Whitefield Commons and with Dr. Kevin Clark of George Mason University. The team consisted of 11 GMU graduate students enrolled in the Graduate School of Education Immersion program. The second semester team consisted of 6 graduate students, all of which had participated on the team fall 2002. The Spring 2003 phase of the project also included Barbara Finn, the system programmer. The NSF Design team met at least bi-monthly as a full team, but bi-weekly as the NSF team.
The Client
The client assisting the NSF team in the creation of a self-directed learning community was Whitefield Commons, operated by Wesley Housing Development Corporation. The WCCRC administrator, Kim Fodor, and Konovia Mikal, of Wesley Housing and Development Corporation were the primary contacts in the design process. The resulting design would be a prototype used in the Buckingham Community of Northern Virginia, but scalable to other communities.
Project Scope
The scope of the project was determined based upon assessing the time, resources, and budget available to the NSF team. The team decided to create the framework for an online self-directed learning environment using the findings from the Fall 2002 needs assessment. The team created a new vision, mission statement, statement of goals and principles in order to provide a project scope for the Spring 2003 semester. These are diagramed below:
Vision /Building Empowered Communities
Mission / Create a foundation for a self-sustaining, self-directed learning community that fosters capacity building in underserved communities.Goals / · Prioritize functions of Self Directed Learning Community
· Implement functions of Self Directed Learning Community
· Document the process of system design (i.e. design document)
· Produce a scalable high-fidelity prototype of an online system
Principles / · Research a community of practice, virtual communities, and culture
· Participatory Design
· Performance Centered Design
Table 1. NSF Team Vision (http://chd.gse.gmu.edu/immersion/nsf/spring2003/)
Theory
The NSF team partnered with the Whitefield Commons Community Center as a research base in a Northern Virginia community. Their research was based upon the grounded learning theory that “aims at deriving theory from the analysis of multiple stages of data collection and interpretation. The researcher strives to identify patterns, themes, and categories from the qualitative topic and data, (and) goes beyond to develop a theory that derives from the data” (Gay & Airasian, p. 17) Through the grounded theory approach to research, the NSF team accessed the basic needs and wants of the community to create a system that would provide a self-directed, self-sustaining learning environment for the community.
Design Approach
The method by which the NSF team went about applying the grounded theory for research and then creating a system is the ADDIE model. The ADDIE model calls for following the process of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation with the constant revisiting of previous phases. This is similar to the SDLC (Systems Design Life Cycle) common to Information Systems development, (Hoffer, George, & Valacich, 2002) but varies slightly because of the instructional focus of the system.
Research
The research conducted by individual members of the NSF team included such topics as the digital divide, communities of practice, knowledge management, virtual communities, community capacity, cultural awareness, participatory design, usage centered design, and visual design. This research applied directly to the purpose of the NSF grant and the NSF team used it as a focal point to ensure that the created system would meet the criteria of “bridging the digital divide by creating a self-directed learning community” for the Northern Virginia community participating in the system development process.
Phase I: Analysis & Design
Data Collection and Analysis
The data collection process included volunteering at the community center, meeting with community leaders, interviewing with community providers, speaking with other community technology center administrators and members of the community. This would allow for a snapshot of what went on in the daily life of the individuals in the community.
As a result of the data collection, the NSF team created a needs assessment document that summarized the findings. These findings were crucial for the next step in the ADDIE process, Design, and provided information that steered the team and center administrator through the 2nd phase of the process.
Needs Recognized
Through the data collection analysis, the NSF team identified basic needs in the community. The general trends that emerged from this analysis are as follows:
· Importance of learning is recognized
· Accessing resources is not a simple task
· Communication is in demand
· Social experience is a critical part of life
(Needs Assessment document, 2002, p. 12-13)
Role Models
Role models were created to show representations of what user roles would be supported by the system. Each role model was “described in terms of the needs, interests, expectations, behaviors, and responsibilities that characterize and distinguish that role.” (Constantine & Lockwood, 1999, p. 80) Identifying role models enabled the NSF team to create a system that reflected the particular needs of each of these role model types. A further explanation can be found in the needs assessment. (Needs Assessment document, 2002, p. 8-9) The role models identified by the NSF team for the community consisted of:
· Communicator
· Learner
· Provider
· Advisor
· Administrator
Tasks (Functions)
Through the analysis process the NSF team identified eight essential tasks (functions) that were part of the way the community functioned. Though further explained in the Needs Assessment document (2002, p. 13), these eight essential tasks (referred to as functions) are:
· Learn
· Practice
· Play
· Communication
· Create Resources
· Resource Storage
· Track
· Access Resources
To show the relationship between the needs of the community, the role models and identified functions, the NSF team created use case maps and role model maps to show logical dependencies and relationships among the people and the processes. Constantine and Lockwood (1999) visually display this process in the diagram below:
Figure 2. Essential models and logical relationships. (p. 320)
Flowcharts and Wireframes
This led to the development of specific flowcharts and wireframes that were revisited in the 2nd phase of the project. An example will be shown later in this document.
Phase II: Re-Design
Research and Refining
Returning to the project Spring 2003, the NSF team continued to study communities of practice, virtual communities, participatory design, usage centered design and visual design to ensure that the system would effectively meet the needs of the community while implementing the results of the needs assessment. The NSF team used this research in the redefining and refining of the previously created function flows and wireframes. Once these were redefined the team chose to include the administrator and community members more frequently in the design process. This involvement, called participatory design, is “a set of theories, practices and studies, related to end-users as full participants in activities leading to software and hardware computer products and computer based activities.” (Muller, p.1) By involving the users in the process, the NSF team hoped to instill a sense of ownership in the system that would assist in sustaining further growth.
Task Modeling
The NSF Design Team redefined and refined the names and flows of the functions. The following chart shows the previous and resulting functions and specific uses of those functions:
Previous Functions / Redefined Functions / Specific UsesLearn / Interact / Interact
Practice
Play
Communication / Communication / Email Communication
Chat Communication
Discussion Board
Send Suggestion
Listserv
Create Resources
Resource Storage / Store / Add
Delete
Modify
Track / Track / Track
Access Resources / Access / Search
Login / Login
Table 2. Original and redesigned function.
Flowcharting Revisited
Each of these functions was re-flowed to accurately portray the refinements made to the functions. The flowcharts identify the actual steps involved in that particular function. A brief example of a flowchart is for the add, delete, modify function:
Add, Delete, Modify
Prioritizing
In the second phase of the project, the team programmer began attending the design meetings with Dr. Clark, the NSF team and the Whitefield Commons administrator. At the design phase it became necessary to prioritize what parts of the system were most important to complete by the graduate students May 2003 deadline. The process of prioritizing took several design meetings. The following questions were asked to assess the critical functions to include in the deliverable:
· What functions are critical to the system?
· What functions does the team have time to develop?
· What functions can be developed with the current resources in that time?
· What does the client want/need?
Through these meetings it was decided that the NSF team would focus on the newly redefined communicate, store, and logon functions. Time and resource allocations required that the interact, track, and access functions be included in the next steps section of this document.
Revisiting Wireframes
After refining and revising the functions, the updated wireframes were used to conduct usability testing in the community. After each usability test, the NSF team compiled the feedback and drew out trends. Design meetings were held to discuss feedback and make changes to the wireframe before moving into the actual site development. As a result of the usability testing, the team added a teen section to the website where before it had included a general user and kid’s section. The team felt this better mirrored the community and the results of the needs assessment.
With three usability tests with community members and one with the administrators, advisor and provider users, the team was able to move forward in the actual development of the working system.
Phase III: Development –Prototype
System Architecture
The NSF team, through usability testing and participatory design, were able to create a low fidelity prototype that would enable the programmer to create the database driven system.
From the wireframes and flowcharts the team created storyboards. Storyboards were simply an extension of the wireframe. But, the NSF team worked with the programmer to create a low fidelity prototype for usability testing that contained additional explanation of what would go into the actual page. The storyboard would also include the flow of a particular function to give more of an explanation of an actual process that would take place on the page. It would not, however, supply any content.
Example of the re-designed wireframe with content:
Content Modeling (See Appendix A)
Content modeling is “ the tools and materials to be supplied by the user interface, organized into useful collections and the interconnections among these collections.” (p. 30) The team created a chart to show the categories of content that would be included in the system. This was modified throughout the process as the team involved the administrator and other community members in the design process.