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Chapter 3 Matter and Minerals

Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, 9e (Tarbuck/Lutgens)

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3.1

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Multiple-Choice Questions

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1)

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Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock?

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A)

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A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks.

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B)

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A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern.

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C)

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In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.

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D)

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A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock particles.

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 1

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2)

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Which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms?

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A)

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neutron

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B)

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selectron

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C)

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electron

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D)

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protons

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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3)

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Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number of ________.

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A)

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electrons in the nucleus

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B)

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protons in the nucleus

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C)

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neutrons in the outer nuclear shell

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D)

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electrons in the valence bond level

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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4)

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Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding?

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A)

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Nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons; the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive forces between the negative and positive nucleons.

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B)

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Atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons; the resulting compound is bonded together by the strong, binding energy of shared protons.

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C)

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Nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds.

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D)

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Atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges.

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Answer:

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D

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Diff: 1

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5)

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Which of the following is correct for isotopes of the same element?

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A)

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The atoms have different numbers of protons and the same number of neutrons.

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B)

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The atoms have the same number of electrons and different numbers of protons.

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C)

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The atoms have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons.

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D)

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The atoms have different numbers of electrons but the same number of neutrons.

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 1

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6)

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What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature?

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A)

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silicate

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B)

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native gold

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C)

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diamond

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D)

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muscovite

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 1

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7)

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Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?

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A)

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calcite

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B)

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quartz

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C)

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dolomite

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D)

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plagioclase

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Answer:

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A

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Diff: 1

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8)

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Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (Si02)?

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A)

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calcite

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B)

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diamond

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C)

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olivine

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D)

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quartz

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Answer:

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D

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Diff: 1

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9)

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Which of the following minerals is a silicate?

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A)

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hematite

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B)

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muscovite

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C)

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calcite

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D)

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halite

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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10)

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A cubic centimeter of quartz, olivine, and gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively. This indicates that ________.

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A)

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gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine

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B)

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gold is 6 to 7 times harder than olivine and quartz

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C)

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gold and olivine are silicates, quartz is elemental silicon

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D)

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olivine and quartz powders are harder than metallic gold

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Answer:

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A

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Diff: 2

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11)

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Which one of the following is a sodium and calcium feldspar with twinning striations?

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A)

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orthoclase

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B)

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microcline

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C)

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plagioclase

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D)

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sanidine

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 1

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12)

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Which of the following minerals is a ferromagnesian silicate?

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A)

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quartz

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B)

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orthoclase

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C)

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hornblende

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D)

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muscovite

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 1

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13)

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Which of the following minerals is in the mineral group known as mica?

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A)

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orthoclase

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B)

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muscovite

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C)

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augite

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D)

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olivine

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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14)

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Which of the following best characterizes ferromagnesian silicates?

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A)

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They contain iron and magnetite, are black in color, and they have metallic lusters.

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B)

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They are black to dark-green, silicate minerals containing iron and magnesium.

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C)

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They contain magnetite and ferroite and they are clear to light green.

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D)

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They are mostly clear, colorless, and rich in the elements magnesium and ferrium.

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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15)

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Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure?

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A)

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carbonates

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B)

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pyroxenes

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C)

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clays

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D)

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feldspars

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 1

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16)

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Which one of the following is a typical product of weathering?

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A)

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micas

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B)

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ferromagnesians

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C)

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feldspars

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D)

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clays

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Answer:

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D

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Diff: 1

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17)

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The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by ________.

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A)

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4 oxygen ions

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B)

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6 oxygen ions

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C)

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4 sodium ions

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D)

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6 sodium ions

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Answer:

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A

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Diff: 1

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18)

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Which one of the following describes a mineral's response to mechanical impact?

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A)

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luster

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B)

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cleavage

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C)

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streak

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D)

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crystal form

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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19)

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Chrysotile, crocidolite, and amosite are different mineralogical forms of what industrial commodity?

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A)

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gemstones

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B)

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metallic sulfide ores

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C)

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Portland cement

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D)

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asbestos

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Answer:

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D

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Diff: 1

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20)

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Which of the following diseases has been linked directly to prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust?

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A)

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muscular dystrophy

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B)

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diabetes

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C)

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glaucoma

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D)

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lung cancer

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Answer:

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D

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Diff: 1

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21)

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Which of the following is the unit of weight used for measuring diamonds (about 0.2 grams)?

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A)

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carat

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B)

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Troy ounce

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C)

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point

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D)

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kilo

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Answer:

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A

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Diff: 1

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22)

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Which of the following denotes the purity of gold used in jewelry?

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A)

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carnot

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B)

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carette

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C)

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karat

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D)

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carlot

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 1

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23)

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Ruby and sapphire are red and blue forms of the mineral ________.

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A)

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diamond

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B)

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turquoise

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C)

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emerald

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D)

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corundum

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Answer:

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D

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Diff: 1

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24)

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All silicate minerals contain which two elements?

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A)

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iron, silicon

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B)

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silicon, sodium

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C)

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oxygen, carbon

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D)

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silicon, oxygen

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Answer:

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D

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Diff: 1

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25)

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Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions?

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A)

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diamond

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B)

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talc

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C)

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halite

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D)

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olivine

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 1

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26)

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What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight?

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A)

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carbon

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B)

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chlorine

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C)

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oxygen

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D)

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sodium

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 1

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27)

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The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as ________.

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A)

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streak

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B)

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cleavage

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C)

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cracking luster

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D)

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crystal form

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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28)

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What in the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction?

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A)

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molecule

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B)

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ion

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C)

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isotope

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D)

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nucleon

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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29)

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An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus?

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A)

13


19

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B)

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7

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C)

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13

13


D)

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6

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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30)

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Which one of the following is not true for minerals?

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A)

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They have a specific, internal, crystalline structure.

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B)

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They can be a liquid, solid, or gas.

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C)

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They have a specific, predictable chemical composition.

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D)

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They can be identified by characteristic physical properties.

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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31)

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In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms?

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A)

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ionic

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B)

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subatomic

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C)

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covalent

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D)

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isotopic

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 1

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32)

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How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding?

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A)

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They are tightly bound to certain atoms and cannot readily move.

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B)

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They can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral.

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C)

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They react with protons to make neutrons in the outer valence shells.

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D)

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They move to adjacent negative ions, forming positive ions.

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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33)

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Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust?

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A)

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sulfides

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B)

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carbonates

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C)

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silicates

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D)

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chlorides

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 1

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34)

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Which the following denotes the massive, positively charged, nuclear particles?

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A)

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protons

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B)

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electrons

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C)

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isotrons

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D)

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neutrons

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Answer:

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A

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Diff: 1

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35)

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What are the lightest or least massive of the basic atomic particles?

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A)

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uranium nuclei

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B)

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protons

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C)

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electrons

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D)

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neutrons

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 1

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36)

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Which of the following has the highest specific gravity?

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A)

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wood

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B)

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water

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C)

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gold

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D)

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quartz

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 1

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37)

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Which of the following will react readily with acids such as hydrochloric?

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A)

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calcite

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B)

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quartz

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C)

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diamond

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D)

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talc

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Answer:

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A

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Diff: 1

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38)

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Which of the following describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral?

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A)

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luster

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B)

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color streak

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C)

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virtual absorption

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D)

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fluorescence

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Answer:

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A

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Diff: 1

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39)

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What is the name of dark-colored mica?

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A)

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calcite

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B)

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biotite

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C)

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quartz

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D)

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olivine

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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40)

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Hornblende and the other amphiboles have what type of silicate structure?

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A)

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metallic

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B)

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sheet

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C)

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3-D framework

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D)

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double chains

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Answer:

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D

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Diff: 1

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3.2

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Word Analysis Questions

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Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern.

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1)

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A) electron B) atom C) proton D) neutron

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Answer:

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atom

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Diff: 1

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2)

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A) hardness B) streak C) luster D) cleavage

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Answer:

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luster

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Diff: 2

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3)

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A) quartz B) olivine C) feldspar D) calcite

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Answer:

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calcite

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Diff: 1

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4)

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A) olivine B) quartz C) amphibole D) pyroxene

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Answer:

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quartz

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Diff: 1

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5)

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A) galena B) calcite C) gypsum D) halite

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Answer:

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galena

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Diff: 2

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3.3

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True/False Questions

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1)

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Calcite and dolomite are both carbonate minerals.

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Answer:

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TRUE

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Diff: 1

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2)

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Graphite and diamond have the same chemical compositions and different crystalline structures.

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Answer:

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TRUE

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Diff: 1

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3)

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Rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals.

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Answer:

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TRUE

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Diff: 1

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4)

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Mineral luster is broadly classified as either being metallic or opaque.

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Answer:

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FALSE

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Diff: 1

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5)

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Electrically neutral atoms have equal numbers of electrons and protons.

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Answer:

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TRUE

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Diff: 1

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6)

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Rock-forming silicate minerals have higher specific gravities than water.