ONLINE Table 1. Species names, sizes and seed densities in the soil of the 16 most abundant species in defecation and controls areas.

Species / Seed size (mm) / Defecation areas / Controls / Total
Def+ / Def-
1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8
Cecropia sciadophyllaa b* Martius / 2.3 / 366 / 120 / 25 / 15 / 24 / 24 / 36 / 26 / 15 / 34 / 39 / 10 / 13 / 17 / 7 / 5 / 776
Ficus guianensisa b* N.A. Desvaux / 0.8 / 108 / 128 / 11 / 3 / 17 / 6 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 7 / 287
Ficus trigona b* L. / 1.1 / 9 / 172 / 1 / 3 / 25 / 3 / 3 / 6 / 4 / 2 / 16 / 2 / 2 / 248
Cecropia obtusaa b* Trecul / 2.5 / 74 / 16 / 7 / 12 / 10 / 2 / 6 / 12 / 12 / 12 / 6 / 26 / 11 / 5 / 11 / 5 / 227
Unidentified species 5 / 2.2 / 21 / 9 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 3 / 7 / 1 / 48
Coussapoua latifolia b J.B. Aublet / 1.5 / 28 / 3 / 2 / 11 / 44
Thoracocarpus bissectus (Vellozo) Harling / 2.2 / 4 / 2 / 2 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 4 / 4 / 3 / 8 / 2 / 37

Ficus gomelleira*Kunth & Bouché

/

1.1

/ 36 / 1 / 37
Ficus nymphaefoliaa b* Mill. / 1.7 / 23 / 2 / 2 / 4 / 31
Davilla kunthii A. Saint-Hilaire / 3.3 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 13 / 19
Ficus sp 1 / 1.5 / 1 / 7 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 1 / 18
Miconiaholosericea*(L.) DC. / 1.5 / 4 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 6 / 1 / 15
Laetiaproceraa* (Poepp.) Eichl. / 3.4 / 8 / 1 / 1 / 10
Coussapoa sp b / 2.3 / 6 / 2 / 1 / 9
Ludovialancifolia A.T. Brongniart / 1.4 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 2 / 8
Bagassaguianensisa b* Aubl. / 4.0 / 4 / 2 / 1 / 7
Total density / 674 / 518 / 57 / 44 / 96 / 46 / 55 / 58 / 49 / 58 / 77 / 57 / 36 / 54 / 31 / 12 / 1922
Total species richness / 27 / 21 / 12 / 14 / 15 / 11 / 9 / 11 / 13 / 10 / 12 / 11 / 6 / 11 / 7 / 3 / 72

a species known to be consumed by red howler monkeys according to Julliot (1996)

b according to this study.

* Pioneer species

ONLINE Table 2. Variations of retrieval rate of artificial beads (field experiment). Bead size (S: small, M: medium, L: large), depth (five levels) and monkey frequentation (Freq-, Freq+) are retained in the best model. Random effects were site and depth. ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.

Effect / Parameter estimate (1 SE) /
Wald statistic (z)
Bead size S < M / 0.691 (0.083) / 8.379***
Bead size [S,M]<L / 0.592 (0.146) / 4.063***
Depth / - 3.248 (0.372) / - 8.733***
Depth x Bead size S < M / - 0.391 (0.067) / - 5.845***
Depth x Bead size [S,M]<L / - 0.413 (0.129) / - 3.209**
Freq- < Freq+ / - 0.617 (0.446) / - 1.383
(Freq- < Freq+) x Bead size S < M / 0.436 (0.083) / 5.278***
(Freq- < Freq+) x Bead size [S,M]<L / 0.059 (0.146) / 0.405
(Freq- < Freq+) x Depth / 0.441 (0.372) / 1.185
(Freq- < Freq+) x Depth x Bead size S < M / - 0.261 (0.067) / - 3.895***
(Freq- < Freq+) x Depth x Bead size [S,M]<L / - 0.042 (0.129) / -0.325

ONLINE Table 3. Variation of the ratio (proportion of beads in the dung processed/proportion of beads in the dung delivered) – container experiment. Lower values can be considered as bead selective exclusion by beetles. Bead size (S: small, M: medium, L: large), beetle size (length in mm), functional group (two levels: R: roller, T: tunneller) and the per-capita resource (Part: dung available per individual) were retained in the best model. Only effects associated with p-values < 0.10 are presented in the table for clarity reasons.

Effect / Parameter estimate (± SE) / Wald statistic (z)
Bead size S<M / -1.24 (0.38) / -3.28 **
Bead size [MS]<L / -2.33 (0.65) / -3.60 ***
Beetle size x Bead size [MS]<L / 0.18 (0.05) / 3.68 ***
Part x Bead size S<M / 0.09 (0.01) / 5.98 ***
Beetle size x Mode R<T x Bead size S<M / -0.12 (0.03) / -4.01 ***
Part x Beetle size x Bead size S<M / -0.005 (0.001) / -3.94 ***
Part x Beetle size x Bead size [MS]<L / -0.004 (0.001) / -4.42 ***
Part x Mode R<T x Bead size S<M / 0.06 (0.01) / 5.46 ***

ONLINE Table 4. Variation of depth at which artificial beads are buried by tunneller species (container experiment). Bead size (S: small, M: medium, L: large) and beetle size (length in mm) are retained as fixed effects in the best model. Random effect was container. ~ p<0.10, *** p<0.001.

Effects / Parameter estimates (1 SE) /
Wald statistic (z)
Bead size S<M / -0.13 (0.03) / -4.80 ***
Bead size [M,S]<L / -0.41 (0.06) / -6.96 ***
Beetle size / 0.09 (0.02) / 5.56***
Beetle size x Bead size S<M / 0.002 (0.001) / 1.69 ~
Beetle size x Bead size [M,S]<L / 0.02 (0.003) / 5.51***

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