A2 2014 Mock exam Mark Scheme
Section A
1 (a) (i) 6 marks in total
sub max 1
1 ATP / PC system / PC system
sub max 5 marks from
2 Anaerobic pathway / without O2
3 Usesphosphocreatine as a fuel / high energy phosphate compound
4 Creatinekinase is the controlling enzyme
5 PC is broken down to P + C + E
6 This is an exothermic reaction / energy is released
7 Energy is used in an endothermic reaction
8 To re-synthesise ADP + P + E ATP
9 The reaction takes place in the sarcoplasm
(ii) 4 marks in total
sub max 2 marks from
1 Very fast / simple reaction / PC small compound found in cell
2 Reaction does not require the presence of oxygen
3 No by-products are produced
sub max 2 marks
4 Only small amounts of PC so limited threshold
5 Only one ATP re-synthesised for each PC / small energy yield
1b)4 marks from
1 Increases the release of oxygen from the blood delivering more oxygen to the muscle
tissue
2 Increases muscle temperature and increases elasticity reducing risk of injury
3 Increases blood flow to the muscle delivering more fuels e.g. glucose
4 Neuromuscular coordination is improved
5 Muscle viscosity is decreased improving mechanical efficiency
6 Reduced likelihood of experiencing DOMS
1c)3 marks from:
1 useful when planning interval sessions / reps and sets
2 for max speed work need to allow enough time for full recovery
3 for endurance work need to allow time for only partial recovery
4 50% of PC stores can be replenished in 30 secs
5 therefore making good use of time-outs / substitutions / full time allocation between games, etc. is important
6 during stoppage of play taking time e.g. injury / throw in / corner kick
7 changing tactics to lower intensity and gain recovery time
1d)4 marks in total
Sub max 1 mark for:
VO2 max is the maximal volume of oxygen that can be utilised in one minute during maximal exercise (measured in ml/kg/min) OR an identification of a valid test e.g. multistage fitness test.
Sub max 3 marks for description of appropriate aerobic test e.g. multi-stage fitness test)
1 progressive test to maximum
2 20 metre shuttle
3 time allocated to complete each shuttle
4 when performer cannot keep within test is stopped
5 level of shuttle reached will give a predicted VO2 max score
1e)5 marks for 5 of:
(Benefits)
1. Increase muscle glycogen stores / super-compensation
2. Avoids having to use fat as an energy source
3. Delays fatigue / increases endurance capacity / increased ATP/energy production /
delays hitting the wall
Sub max of 4 marks:
(Method 1) 4. Reduce glycogen levels (7 days before race)
5. Achieved by increased endurance training / training at high intensity
6. Then three days of low carbohydrate diet / diet high in proteins and fats
7. (3/4 days before race) tapering / reduction in training levels
8. (and) high carbohydrate diet / e.g. pasta (allow: the night before the race)
9. Trained/elite athletes may rest for several days before eating high carbohydrate diet
10. Increased water consumption helps the process
(Method 2) 11. Day before, complete 3 minutes of high intensity exercise
12. Opens a Carb window
13. Immediately/within 20 minutes intake high carbohydrate diet
14. Carb window only lasts 2 hours / carbohydrates must be eaten within two hours of
exercise.
1f)4 marks in total:
Sub max 2 mark for:
1 Muscle is taken to the point of resistance
2 Hold the stretch with some other part of your body, or with the assistance of a
partner or some other apparatus.
Sub max 3 mark for:
3 Muscle is taken to the point of resistance
4 Isometric contraction is performed (for approx 5 seconds)
5 Against immoveable object or partner
6 Immediately muscle is relaxed / take slightly beyond point of resistance
7 Hold stretch for approx 10–30 seconds [4]
Section B
2a)5 marks for 5 from:
(1 mark max for i/d of principles with no practical examples)
1 Goals should be specific e.g. to set a PB for a 100m sprint
2 Goals should be measurable e.g. to beat a previous distance in the long jump
3 Goals should be achievable / within reach / attainable / realistic e.g. to try to score 3
more baskets in the next game which is within the ability of the basketball player
4 Goals should be relevant / at the right level / e.g. to win the next match against a team
with similar ability
5 Goals should be time-phased / include short and long term objectives e.g. to win the
area competition in cross country before trying to get into the county team
6 Goals should be evaluated e.g. check whether recent times in the 1500m have reached
your goals
7 Goals should be recorded e.g. write down with your coach your PB goal in the high jump
8 Goals should be agreed / negotiated e.g. agree with your coach your goal of learning a
new move on the beam in gymnastics
9 Goals should be positive / motivational / exciting / challenging e.g. the goal of winning
the next football game away from home, rather than trying to draw [5]
2b) 4 marks for 4 of:
1. Shows approach behaviour
2. Is more competitive
3. Likes a challenge
4. Shows persistence / determination / does not give up easily
5. Likes / seeks feedback from others
6. Takes risks / is confident / (aspires to) mastery orientation
7. Not afraid to fail / views failure as a route to success
8. Attributes success internally or to stable factors
9. Attributes failures to unstable or to controllable factors
2c) 4 marks for 4 from (max of 2 marks per theory):
(Trait)
1 trait / genetic approach shows that we are born with our personality characteristics
2 traits are enduring / we express our personalities consistently
3 type a trait shows high levels of personal anxiety
4 type B shows low levels of personal anxiety
(Interactionist)
5 interactionist approach involves traits combining/interacting with the environment / B = f (P, E)
6 when the situation changes – so does personality
7 the environment triggers / acts as a cue for the appearance of a trait
(Social Learning)
8 we learn/copy our personalities from others
9 if significant / role model then personality characteristics more likely to be copied /imitated
10 socialisation / early learning from parents / carers can affect the characteristics we copy
11 characteristics are copied if it enables us to adopt the norms and values of our culture /to fit in / to be accepted by others / into a group
2d)3 marks for:
Mark first three responses only (limitations of profiling)
1 profiling results too vague / do not link cause and effect
2 results cannot be generalised (to the behaviours of others) / lacks external validity / sample not representative / inaccurate
3 results lack ecological validity / are not true to real life / do not relate to sports performance
4 profiling too subjective / results explained differently by different people / unreliable interpretations
5 links between personality and sports performance/sport choice/task persistence too tenuous (sceptical approach)
6 too many demand characteristics / behaviour of performer may be altered due to profiling / internally invalid / may lie
2e)Max of 6 marks of 6 from
1 mark for:
(definition) aggression is the attempt to harm outside the rules of the game and assertion is forceful behaviour within the rules
5 marks for 5 from:
1 innate / genetic determinants / behaviours are traits
2 frustration/blocked goals
3 social learning / copying (significant) others / role models / tribal / group pressure
4 cues / triggers / signals from the environment
5 retaliation / getting your own back
6 perceived / actual unfairness / refs / officials poor decisions
7 event importance / competitiveness / need to / pressure to win / as an instrument to gain success
8 pressure from others / obeying orders / tactics / others' expectations / rewarded
9 hostile crowd
10 cultural determinants / it is expected / it is a normal behaviour of the culture
11 game determinants / expected / norms in the game (ice hockey) / nature of the game
12 alcohol / drugs
2f)3 marks for 3 from:
1 Playing at home or familiar environment leads to better performance / social facilitation
2 Leads to higher motivation / encouraging
3 Those that are ‘away’ participants expectto do less well
4 Those at home expectto achieve / do well / increase self-confidence
5 Familiarity of home leads to more predictable environment / fewer surprises / feel more safe / secure
6 Drive higher therefore positive / dominant response more likely to occur (Zajonc) [3]
2g)5 marks total:
1 Subjective outcomes relate to how the performer rates the performance / how well he or she has done
2 This affects positively or negatively the trait sport confidence (SC-Trait) (n.b. do not just accept confidence)
3 SC – Trait is the innate / inbuilt / natural tendency to be confident
4 If outcome perceived to be good then SC-Trait is increased
5 If outcome perceived to be poor / a failure then SC-Trait is decreased
6 Subjective outcome affects competitive orientation / level of competitiveness either positively or negatively
7 If outcome perceived to be good then competitiveness is increased
8 If outcome perceived to be poor then competitiveness decreases
9 SC-Trait and competitiveness if increased will raise state sport confidence (SC-State) / raise self-efficacy / will make performer more confident / encourage approach behaviour
10 SC-Trait and competitiveness if decreased will make player less confident / will result in avoidance behaviour
Section C
3a)6 marks for 6 of:
1 Athletes compete irrespective of colour, race, creed, and political belief
2 Promotion of international understanding
3 Cultural diversity / exchange / celebration of cultures and ethnicities
4 Supreme physical challenge / mental challenge / striving for excellence
5 Fair play / sportsmanship
6 Co-operation
7 Promote peace and harmony
8 Sport as education of the youth of the world
9 Encourage mass participation in sport
3b)6 marks for 6 of:
1. New neighbourhoods / use of village for housing
2. Employment / jobs created (most marked pre games)
3. Skills/use of technology in building / increase knowledge base
4. Increase in sport participation / new sports to be experienced
5. Disability awareness
6. Centre for tourism and culture / develop visitor income
7. Legacy momentum / the capacity of a country to continue economic upward growth
8. Knowledge base gained used to promote further innovation and development
9. Other cities to be used as training centres
10. Promotes cultural integration / pride / feel-good factor / brings nation together
11. Educational programmes (which contribute to positive models of behaviour)
3c)6 marks for 6 of:
1. Elitist methods / select the best / give these athletes full backing / at the expense of others / focus on certain sports
2. Pursue the win at all costs ethic / encourage / turn a blind eye to deviance
3. Government / state gives status and funding to high level sport
4. (Create a structure/methods to) identify and test talent at a young age / sports schools / highly structured PE programmes
5. State funding for talent development / scholarships
6. (Create a) competition structure / avenue for international competition
7. Have many athletes in a programme so that wastage is not noticed
8. Create coaching / training / facilities / training camps / support structure for top level athletes
9. Encourage a sporting culture / involvement from a young age in sporting activity
3d)4 marks for 4 of:
1 Sale of broadcasting rights / media
2 Private enterprise to build facilities
3 Sponsorship
4 Licensing
5 Private investment / donations
6 Ticket sales
7 Government / taxes
3e)4 marks for 4 of:
1. Bidding is an 8 year process / begins 9 years before Games.
2. Cities submit bid / candidature file to IOC (Not: Countries)
3. Candidates reply to a questionnaire / 23 subject areas
4. Give detailed plan / arguments supporting their bid
5. Must have municipal/commercial/social support
6. Backed by government guarantees
7. Lobbying of / personal approaches to IOC members to ensure their votes
8. Expensive attempts by prospective hosts to influence IOC members
9. Members of evaluation commission visit bid cities (not IOC members)
10. Information for voting comes from answers to questionnaire / evaluation commission report / city presentation to IOC session
3f)4 marks for 4 of:
1 In order to achieve success athletes need fulltime pursuit
2 Cannot afford to be amateur / high living / training / equipment costs
3 Olympic Games now a commercial event / Games need best sports performers
4 Dictated to by world economic climate
5 Host country need to make a profit / break even
6 Support network for athletes / managers / promoters / coaches costs
7 Many sports are “wealth sports” e.g. sailing