TURaS Project
(WP 2)
Milestone 7
Economic evaluation model
Green roofs, walls and courtyards
Working economic evaluation model for green infrastructure value and design: model completed and working on sample data
English version
Roma Capitale 10. Dipartimento Tutela Ambientale e del verde – Protezione Civile
Authors: Monastra G., Baffioni C., Mendozza M., Odorico M., Vallocchia S,. Tudini F.M.,
Index
PREFACE 4
FOREWORD 5
INTRODUCTION 6
FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT DAY 8
The green roof from antiquity to 1865 8
The green roof from 1865 until the Second World War 11
The green roof today 12
The situation in Rome 14
The Parking in Villa Borghese. 15
The Underpass Appia Antica. 16
Other environmental mitigation on the GRA 17
The Rome Auditorium: 18
The Urban Parking Plan (P.U.P). 19
The Swimming pool of Valco San Paolo: 21
The initiatives of Roma Capitale 22
Private works (significant) in Rome 24
Hospital Campus Biomedico of Rome 24
Fandango-Incontro. 24
Groupama EUR. 24
LAWS OF REFERENCE 25
European Parliament and Council directive 2002/91/EC on energy efficiency in the building sector. 25
National legal framework 25
Bill n. 2472-B “Rules on urban green areas development” 25
Law decree 19/08/2005, n. 192 “Implementation of 2002/91/EC directive on Energy efficiency in the building sector” 27
Regional Legal Framework 27
Regional law 11/08/2009, n.21 “Special measures for the building sector and actions for resilient social residential buildings”: 27
Regional Law 27/05/2008, n.6 “Regional provisions in the field of sustainable architecture and bio-building sector”: 27
Provincial Legal Framework 28
Provincial guidelines for city building codes 28
Legal Framework for the City of Rome 28
Administrative Act 20/02/2006 n.48 passed by Rome City Council 28
General Development Plan – Administrative Act by the City Council n.18 (12/02/2008) 28
Administrative Act 14/02/2011 n.7 passed by Rome City Council 28
TECHNICAL STANDARDS OF REFERENCE 29
Report to PRG (Resolution adopting the City Council No. 33 of 19/20 March 2003) 29
General Plan - Technical Implementation of the City Council Resolution No. 18 of 12/2/2008, 29
The UNI 11235 of 2007: Good Practice executive 30
Protocol of Urban Quality of Roma Capitale - Develop and evaluate the quality of urban complexes Rome March 22, 2012 (excerpt) 32
METHODOLOGY FOR SYSTEMS OF "GREEN ROOF" 34
Types of vegetable plants "Green Roof" 35
The Green Intensive 36
The Extensive Green 39
"Sided Green" or "Skin Green" 40
The Green Walls 42
COST OF INSTALLATION OF A GREEN ROOF 46
Waterproofing 46
Filtering Layer 47
CALCULATION OF THE TOTAL COST 47
Roof or Green Infrastructure: The Essence (Herbaceous, Shrub and Tree) 48
Vertical Gardens 48
The costs on the market 49
PREFACE
This document contains the experience of the City of Rome in the field of green infrastructure (roofs, walls and courtyards "green").
Although the document contains only references to the Roman reality, however, it is also the model for all cities to prepare a document on its green infrastructure.
In fact, the contents of the document are the following:
· a historical overview on green infrastructure from the ancient world until the recent past;
· a description of the main green infrastructure recently made, both in the public and private sectors, with reference also to educational initiatives put in place by Roma Capitale;
· a summary of the principal laws of reference to authorities national, regional, provincial and municipal;
· a collection of the main technical standards in the sector;
· A technical description of the types of green infrastructure achievable, taking into account the specific characteristics of the city;
· The cost of installation of such facilities.
Finally an attachment contains a summary table that combines the advantages and obstacles to the implementation of green infrastructure and the associated costs.
In this way, the document is a strategic handbook also contains a model of economic evaluation and responds to the requirements of Milestone 7 "Economic evaluation model - Green roofs, walls and courtyards" WP2 Project Turas of 7th Framework Programme for Research.
FOREWORD
This document contains the experience of the City of Rome in the field of green infrastructure ("green" roofs, walls and courtyards).
Although the document contains only references for the situation in Rome, however, is also the model for all cities to prepare a document for its green infrastructure.
In fact, the contents of the document are the following:
• a historical overview on green infrastructure from the ancient world until the recent past;
• a description of the main green infrastructure recently made, both in the public and private sectors, with reference also to training initiatives made by Roma Capitale;
• a summary of the principal laws of reference from national, regional, provincial and municipal authorities;
• a collection of the main technical standards in the sector;
• a technical description of the green infrastructure achievable, taking into account the specific characteristics of the city;
• the cost of installation of such infrastructures.
Finally an attachment contains a summary table that combines the advantages and obstacles to the implementation of green infrastructure and the associated costs.
In this way, the document is a strategic handbook that also contains a model of economic evaluation and it complies with the requirements of Milestone 7 "Economic evaluation model - Green roofs, walls and courtyards" WP2 Project Turas.
INTRODUCTION
Today we talk increasingly about green roofs. It’s becoming an important issue. Until a few decades ago, often, we looked at who was in charge of this matter with different attitudes, ranging from curiosity to suspicion, from rejection to close attention.
The subject was too little known or contrasted with conventional construction systems and routines.
The first convinced advocates of large-scale application of this technology in an urban environment were considered, at best, a bit like the philosophers, though, in those days, and in the most remote ages some of the most famous architects and urban planners have recognized the green roof as a fundamental element in the design and frequently have included in their works.
Those were the times in which it was thought that rain water should be removed as quickly as possible, especially from places of life and human activity, and in this direction we moved and acted decisively. We refer of course to the geographical situations in which the weather conditions and the socio-economic development could encourage this way of thinking, not to the countries where the water, however limited, was or is a problem more or less critical survival. The water must flow quickly roofs, yards and streets and canals rivers' water, which in turn had to ensure a safe and fast flow. The latter, for that reason, were adjusted, cemented and sealed. But where the water was going to end it didn’t matter.
Then as time goes on and as a result of an urban and suburban edification not too aware and attentive it was realized, at our expense, as the canals and waterways cemented. This has enabled that a field who in the past has enjoyed little consideration as the green roof, is risen today to discipline more widely applied, recognized and respected: the bioengineering.
Who, for example, yesterday proposed the theory that it is sometimes convenient to take the damage, known and largely expected and economically manageable, as flooding of a few acres of countryside, rather than shelling out huge amount of money for repair faults often incalculable and unpredictable, have now begun to be seriously listened to, instead of being looked upon with distrust.
A similar recognition, for similar reasons, is now getting the discipline of green roof, especially for the application in the urban areas.
Nowadays even many small towns are no longer exempt from the problems of large settlements: air pollution and groundwater pollution, lack of green areas, excessive overbuilding, traffic problems, clogging of sewers, depletion and imbalance of flora and fauna Anthropogenic spaces resulting in less resistance to adversity and disease. It is difficult today, traveling, realize that you are approaching an urban center, especially if medium or large size, particularly in the winter or at night: gas and dust aerosol form hoods "mark" unequivocally the presence of settlements in the territory.
These blankets reverberate lights creating urban light pollution, cause respiratory problems and act as a contributory factor in the spread of allergies and are one of the main assumptions of the thermal contrast, often quite large, between the urban areas and the external surroundings.
In these layers of gas and aerosol form acid rain damaging for flora and fauna. The blanket of pollution becomes the daily theater of man life, forced to live in an environment of buildings and factories that replaced the natural environment.
Cities are environments "natural" human life, but often are not in its size, because it has become too much the gap between the artificiality of city and nature, between the 'human environment and the' natural environment.
Urban settlements, the building activity in general, represent an indispensable element to 'inside of the vast system that our planet is, but must necessarily be rebalanced in the direction of a better liveability.
Even if you live in the city, the man is part of nature, which cannot give up. The green roofs are, in many respects, an important and effective element in order to move towards this balance, for example by contributing to the restoration of the ecological corridors where it is not possible to create more green space to the ground.
The protection of plant and animal species endemic may tend to compensate, at least in part, the changes generated by their disappearance in urban ecosystems. The lower energy consumption for heating in winter and cooling in summer, determined by the use of green roofs hanging, helps, then, even if indirectly, to the improvement of urban microclimate by reducing emissions for the production and use of energy in line , plus with the promotion of energy-saving culture advocated by the Kyoto Protocol. For these reasons, and also for other, today's topic of green roofs has become a topic of great importance.
FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT DAY
Empirically, and very roughly, the evolution of the green roof could be divided into three periods. The schematic proposal is only used to synthesize the principal periods.
1) The green roof antiquity until 1865.
2) The green roof from 1865 until the Second World War.
3) The green roof today.
The use of cover homes with green has its origin in very distant. It isn’t an invention of our time. Maybe when the man came out of the caves and began to build housing has also begun to cover with green and has never stopped. In fact, in 900, so long ago, 50% of Icelanders lived in houses whose roofs were covered with sod. But it is only since the second half of this technology began to be considered for its performance and its benefits, and only since the 70s of the last century can be said to have caught its use initially to sporadic and then slowly more and more popular to the present day, where we gradually extended to more official recognition of the technology by the government, the publication of industry regulations and official specifications and activation of research and scientific experimentation specifically dedicated to this sector.
The green roof from antiquity to 1865
Although it may seem obvious, trivial or repetitive, in any discussion of the green roof is customary to always mention the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
These gardens are the archaic symbol known to all, specialists or not, of this technology. It 's almost automatic for anyone, almost unconsciously add the word "Babylon" to the concept of the garden. A little 'as is the case with the word "bread" when you say wheat.
Almost certainly the use of the green roof is before this famous work, but it is well-established tradition to refer to the gardens of Babylon as a prototype of the modern green roof.
On the other hand this must actually have great and meaningful to have left such a memory in history, earning the nickname of one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Of this impressive work aren’t almost remaining trace. All the news, or hypothesis, derived from the study of ancient texts and iconography.
Babylon was built in what is now the territory of Iraq, about 90 km to the south of Baghdad, near the Euphrates River. Today only ruins remain of the settlement. The hanging gardens seem to be located at a fortified complex, located northwest of the city. In the gardens, surely arranged on terraces, should be planted even timberline, such as cypress and palm trees. As can be deduced from the iconography, the vegetation had to be lush, especially when compared with the arid surroundings. Little is known of the construction techniques used.
The work was commissioned from Nabucodonosor II (605-506 BC), who seems to have made to please of his wife Aniti, originally from Media, probably not entirely satisfied with the aridity of the area where Babylon was, in comparison with his country of origin.
To this day, people in the industry, traditionally considered the hanging gardens of Babylon as the first example of a "green roof intensive" in which the client has expressly defined the specific quality of the intended use.
In Italy the remains of the oldest green roofs that we can find, still almost intact, are those of the tombs that date back to the Etruscan period (from the ninth century BC). domes covering the underlying premises, used for burial, were covered with soil and vegetation. Leaving the religious significance, and forcing a little 'hand, today we might consider these works, one of the oldest examples of use of the green roof as a tool for environmental compensation: what was removed was reconstituted in the above, even if the reasons of this operation were, then, very different from those today, lead us to seek to restore the soil above the roofs destroyed by development.
In recent times, this concept of "Etruscan" has often been taken effectively in a modern complex in the design of modern cemetery.
It is possible to find trace on the use of green roofs in the Roman period although, unfortunately, very little has been preserved to the present day. Buildings of which traces remain of the existence of green roofs in the historical sources, or in the remains are in Gubbio the mausoleum of Pomponio Grecino (II - I century BC) lavish funerary monument. The Sanctuary of "Fortuna Primeval" (II-I century BC), a temple complex, dedicated to the goddess Fortuna City Praeneste (now Palestrina near Rome), it is "the most complex of ancient architecture late-republican." the sanctuary is divided into six artificial terraces, connected by ramps and stairs for access. above the portico of the bottom and the last terrace theater auditorium was built in the twelfth century by the Colonna Family, the palazzo Colonna Barberini. Cassino at the Villa Virgilio Marone.