Outline for Indus River Valley
I. The Geography of India
A. the Indian subcontinent
1. a ______is a large landmass ______separated from the rest of a continent; it is smaller than a continent
2. located in ______
3. separated from the rest of the continent by
a. ______mountains
i. has world's highest mountain: Mt. ______
ii. three rivers start here: ______, ______, and Brahmaputra
b. ______mountains
4. other geographical features:
a. lush, fertile lands along the coasts - the Western and Eastern ______
b. the ______Plateau
B. the importance of the climate and geography
1. Indus brings ______to the Indus Plain
a. carries ______as much as the Nile River
2. seasonal winds called ______
a. winter monsoons = cold, dry air blows east to west
b. summer monsoons - blow west to east and bring warm ______to India
3. Indus River agriculture
a. started farming around ______B.C. ( ______years before the Egyptians!)
b. could grow ______sets of crops each year!
II. Indus River Valley Civilization
A. Lost Cities of Harappan Civilization (in modern day ______) 2600BC - 1900BC
1. two very similar cities include ______-______and ______a. each city had a population of about ______people
b. brick paved streets set up like a ______, crossing each other at ______angles
c. had a ______to protect city, ______, and ______system
e. brick ______with flat wooden roofs with courtyards
i. some were several ______high
B. Harappan Culture
1. since symbols cannot be ______yet, much of Harappan life is still a mystery
2. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa similarities suggests a strong central ______that carefully planned their cities
3. Specialization of skills
a. Farmers in villages grew ______, barley, wheat, ______, and ______
b. city residents included ______, shopkeepers, and ______
c. merchants sold gold and ______tools, clay pots, and ______cloth
i. traded with people as far away as ______
d. jewelers worked with gold, ______, and shells,
c. these people even made ______for children
4. Harappan cities were mysteriously abandoned around 1900BC
C. Aryan Migration and Settlements
1. nomadic Aryans migrated into India through the ______mountains
a. "Aryan" means ______in Sanskrit
b. were expert ______and ______; fierce warriors
c. first, depended on cattle for ______, milk, and ______
2. mixed with Indus Valley cultures, settled in area, and created a new culture
a. now viewed the herds as ______and banned use of ______for food
b. built ______systems; turned Ganges River valley into good ______
i. grew wheat, barley, rice, and ______
ii. in south, grew cotton, vegetables, ______, ______and cinnamon
3. tribes led by ______(or princes), who created their own kingdoms
4. made a written language called ______to record business & land ownership
a. later used for ______, stories, poems, and ______known as the ______
D. Ancient Indian Society - 4 social classes known as ______(the ______system)
1. born into your caste and remain there for your entire life
a. ______- priests who performed religious ceremonies
b. ______- warriors who ran the government and army
c. ______- common people like craftsmen, farmers, and merchants
d. ______- manuals workers and servants with few rights
e. ______- lowest level of society: trash collectors, skinning animals, etc
i. technically NOT part of varnas system (i.e. outcasts)
II. Religions of Ancient India
A. Origins of Hinduism - the world's ______largest religion; one of the ______religions
1. based on teachings and ideas in the ______
2. core belief in one universal spirit known as ______
3. ______, an ancient text describes the search for Brahman
a. says every living thing with a soul is a part of Brahman
4. most Hindus believe in many gods including:
a. Brahman - the Creator
b. ______- the Preserver
c. ______- the Destroyer
5. believe in ______, the rebirth of the soul
a. ______, a force that decides how you are reincarnated
b. ______, the personal duty of each person
B. Origins of Buddhism -
1. based on life of Prince ______, born in 563BC in Nepal
a. gave up life in royal palace to become a ______
2. strive to achieve ______, a state of perfect peace and happiness
a. ______Truths -
i. Life is full of ______..
ii. People suffer because they ______things & ______to satisfy themselves.
iii. The way to end suffering is to stop desiring things.
iv. The only way to stop desiring things is to follow the eightfold path.
b. Eightfold Path - see text book!
3. different groups of Buddhists include
a. ______see Buddha as a great teacher, NOT a ______
b. ______believe Buddha was a ______
C. Origins of Jainism - started around 500BC
1. based on life of ______who gave up wealth and lived in poverty
a. many teachings similar to those of ______
2. key value of ______, practicing non-violence toward all living things
a. belief practiced by ______during India's effort to be free of British rule
i. inspired ______in America
III. Indian Empires
A. The Mauryan Empire
1. India consisted of many small kingdoms around ______B.C.
2. around 300 B.C., Chandra Gupta Muarya unifies ______India
a. named the ______Empire
i. capital city was ______
b. created a ______system to improve communication throughout empire
c. included a powerful army
3. Emperor ______(Maurya's grandson who ruled from 265 B.C. to 238 B.C.
a. started with fierce ______of conquest
b. converted to ______and stopped using ______
i. spread this religion throughout the empire
ii. ordered many ______to be built
iii. respected other ______like ______
c. passed laws to encourage ______and nonviolence
d. created ______
e. developed good ______that helped India became a ______network
f. died in 232BC
4. next emperors treated people more harshly, led to ______of Mauryan Enmpire
B. The Gupta Empire starts around 320AD
1. Chandra Gupta I founded the ______Empire in the ______River Valley.
a. once again, used ______as the capital
2. followed by ______Gupta, who starts a "______" for India
3. Gupta leaders practiced and supported the ______religion
4. traded ______, cloth, and iron with people in China, Southeast Asia, & the Mediterranean
5. Literature - ______included Mahabharata and Ramayana
a. Mahabharata - longest poem in any culture with ______verses
6. Arts - played musical instruments like tambourines, ______, drums, and ______
7. Architecture - palaces and ______still standing after more than ______years
8. Math - "invented" ______and written numbers which led to Indian-______numerals
9. Science - mapped moving ______& stars; earth was round & revolved around ______
10. Medicine - ______surgery; used scalpels and ______; used ______
a. ______was doctor who fixed noses, like plastic surgery