Background: An earthquake that measured 8.9 on the Richter Scale of the West Coast on Northern Sumatra set off a series of other earthquakes lasting 12 hours on the 26th of December (from 00:58 to 11:05 UTC), 2004 led to widespread catastrophe particularly in Sri Lanka, India, Maldives, Indonesia and Thailand with damage also in Malaysia, Bangladesh, Somalia and Seychelles.
Doc 1: Asia quake death toll tops 13,000
CHENNAI, India (CNN) -- As dawn broke Monday across the Bay of Bengal, countries struck by tsunamis in the wake of the most powerful earthquake the planet has seen in 40 years focused on relief and rescue efforts, and said the death toll from the giant waves -- already more than 13,000 -- is expected to rise further.
The tsunamis also left thousands injured, thousands missing and hundreds of thousands homeless in Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
Some of the tsunamis reached as far as 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) from the epicenter of the 9.0 magnitude quake, which was located about 160 kilometers (100 miles) off the coast of Indonesia's Sumatra Island at a depth of about 10 kilometers (6.2 miles).
The quake struck about 7 a.m. Sunday (midnight GMT Saturday), according to the U.S. Geological Survey's National Earthquake Center.
It is the fourth-largest earthquake since such measurements began in 1899, according to the NEIC, tying with a 1952 quake in Kamchatka, Russia.
More than 4,500 people have been reported dead in Sri Lanka. Most of them, authorities said, were in the eastern district of Batticaloa. Thousands were missing and more than a half million displaced.
In southern Sri Lanka, 200 prisoners escaped when the waves swept away a high-security prison in Matara.
Witnesses in the eastern Sri Lankan port city Trincomalee reported 14 meter (40-foot) waves hitting inland as far as a kilometer (0.6 miles).
The Sri Lankan government declared a state of emergency, and, along with the government of the Maldives, has requested international assistance, the United Nations' Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported.
The United Nations has warned of epidemics within days unless health systems in the affected areas can cope.
"This may be the worst natural disaster in recent history because it is affecting so many heavily populated coastal areas ... so many vulnerable communities," the U.N.'s Emergency Relief Coordinator Jan Egeland told CNN. (Full story)
As the sun rose, 20,000 Sri Lankan soldiers and naval personnel launched relief and rescue efforts. India sent six warships, carrying supplies, along with helicopters.
Priorities including identifying the hardest-hit areas and air-dropping supplies, along with shepherding stranded people to safer areas.
Sri Lankan authorities imposed a curfew overnight, and many residents remained concerned about the possibility of additional tsunamis.
The country has been in the throes of a civil war, and land mines uprooted by the waves were hampering relief efforts.
Some tourists, meanwhile, had been evacuated from the hard-hit eastern coasts to the capital, Colombo, on the west coast and unaffected.
At first light, many Sri Lankans ventured out to scour the debris for belongings or to search for information on missing family members.
Although India was giving aid to Sri Lanka, that country also was reeling from the aftermath of the quake and tsunamis. India's official government news agency, Press Trust of India, said at least 4,000 Indians were killed, and more bodies were being recovered.
A resident of Chennai (formerly Madras) in Tamil Nadu district -- India's hardest-hit area -- said he saw several people being swept out to sea.
Along India's southeastern coast, several villages appeared to have been swept away, and thousands of fishermen -- including 2,000 from the Chennai area alone -- who were at sea when the waves thundered ashore have not returned.
Along the coast, brick foundations were all that remained of village homes. In Tamil Nadu state, 1,725 people have been confirmed dead, and officials feared many more died on the remote Andaman and Nicobar islands, where dozens of aftershocks were centered, but communication with the mainland was cut off.
Efforts to provide survivors with food and shelter were hampered by the overwhelming magnitude of the damage.
Thai authorities said more than 400 people are dead, and hundreds are missing.
One witness said Phuket's famed Laguna Beach resort area is "completely gone." The area provided 40 percent of Thailand's $10 billion annual income from tourism.
Among the missing were scuba divers who had been exploring the Emerald Cave off Phuket's coast.
Phuket's airport -- which closed when its runways flooded -- reopened, but most roads in the area remained closed, as officials tried to assess the damage.
Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra arrived in Phuket and declared the situation "under control." He told CNN he planned to direct rescue and relief efforts overnight.
Witnesses reported guests drowned in their hotel rooms near the coast as 10 meter (30-foot) waves washed ashore.
Others reported narrow escapes -- including a Spaniard who had been aboard a boat when the wave approached.
The captain began screaming and turned the boat directly into a nearby shore, where he beached it.
As those aboard jumped from the craft and scrambled up the steep beach, they turned back to see the waves crush their boat, the Spaniard said.
Communication difficulties
More than 500 people have been confirmed dead in Indonesia -- many of them in Aceh, in northern Sumatra, about 160 kilometers (100 miles) from the quake's epicenter, according to local reports.
The quake also inflicted heavy damage on the area, which is a hotbed of rebel activity, before two tsunamis slammed the coastline.
Access and communications were difficult if not impossible; the death toll remained a mystery on the west coast of Aceh, where communications had been completely wiped out. News agencies in the country have reported more than 4,000 dead.
The tsunamis struck with no warning to those in coastal areas, as no warning system exists for the Indian Ocean, said Eddie Bernard, director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Pacific Marine and Environmental Labs in Seattle.
Staffers at warning centers that cover the Pacific Basin and the U.S. West Coast were aware of the quake and the possibility of tsunamis, said Laura Kong, director of the International Tsunami Information Center in Honolulu, Hawaii.
"They were able to make contact, but they did not have the proper government officials to notify," she said. "They'll be working on this in the future."
The earthquake is classified as "great" -- the strongest classification given by the NEIC.
NEIC geophysicist Don Blakeman said the tsunamis were triggered by the initial massive jolt.
"The damage is just phenomenal," said Jan Egelund, U.N. emergency relief coordinator. "I think we are seeing now one of the worst natural disasters ever."
Aftershocks
There was disagreement over whether the threat was over. Waverly Person, Blakeman's colleague at NEIC, said the tsunamis are "long over" and residents and visitors should not worry about further tsunamis.
Bernard, however, said the aftershocks are strong enough to produce more tsunamis.
One such aftershock, measuring 7.3 in magnitude, struck about 300 kilometers (200 miles) northwest of Banda Aceh -- on Sumatra's northernmost tip -- more than four hours after the initial quake, according to the NEIC.
The center expects the quake to produce hundreds of smaller aftershocks, under 4.6 magnitude, and thousands smaller than that.
"A quake of this size has some pretty serious effects," Person said.
The quake represented the energy released from "a very large rupture in the earth's crust" more than 1,000 kilometers (600 miles) long. The rupture created shock waves that pushed the water at speeds of up to several hundred kilometers per hour.
It was the strongest earthquake to hit anywhere on Earth since March 1964, when a 9.2 quake struck near Alaska's Prince William Sound.
The strongest recorded earthquake (and records go back to 1899) registered 9.5 on May 22, 1960, in Chile.
Sunday's quake hit a year after the 6.6-magnitude quake in Bam, Iran, which killed more than 30,000 people, injured another 30,000 and destroyed 85 percent of the buildings in the southeastern Iran city.
-- CNN Correspondents Aneesh Raman in Phuket, Thailand, Satinder Bindra in Colombo, Sri Lanka, Atika Shubert in Jakarta, Indonesia, and Suhasini Haidar in Chennai, India contributed to this report
Raman, Aneesh and Satinder Bindra, et. al. “Asia Quake Death Toll Tops 13,000.” CNN World. CNN, 27 Dec. 2004. Web. 14 Sept. 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/12/26/asia.quake/index.html?iref= allsearch>.
Doc 2: Indian Ocean Earthquake Triggers Deadly Tsunami
By Bruce Jaffe, Eric Geist, and Helen GibbonsDec. 2004 / Jan. 2005
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists are assessing preliminary data and beginning more detailed studies of the devastating tsunami that lashed coasts around the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004. The large tsunami waves were generated by a magnitude 9.0 earthquake off the northwest coast of Indonesia's island of Sumatra. The earthquake occurred on the interface between the India and Burma tectonic plates where the India plate subducts beneath the overriding Burma plate. USGS scientists estimate that the sea floor in the vicinity of the earthquake was uplifted by several meters. Displacement of water above the sea floor triggered the tsunami, which caused catastrophic levels of destruction in countries around the Indian Ocean basin—even as far as the east coast of Africa—with Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Somalia, Maldives, Malaysia, Myanmar, Tanzania, Bangladesh, and Kenya among the countries hardest hit. The death toll reported by the Associated Press on January 10, 2005, was more than 150,000 and expected to rise.
The tsunami arrived in northern Sumatra approximately 1/2 hour after the earthquake, in Thailand approximately 1 1/2 to 2 hours after the earthquake, and in Sri Lanka approximately 2 to 3 hours after the earthquake. According to initial modeling and eyewitness accounts, areas east of the earthquake rupture, or "generation area," were first affected by a negative wave (drawdown of water and retreat from shore before a rise in water), whereas areas west of the generation area were first affected by a positive wave (no drawdown or retreat of water before the first tsunami wave hit). Maximum wave heights estimated from media reports are Sumatra, 10 to 15 m; Sri Lanka, 5 to 10 m; India, 5 to 6 m; Andaman Islands, 5 m; Thailand, 3 to 5 m; and Kenya, 2 to 3 m. Some energy from the tsunami "leaked" into adjoining oceans, producing sea-level fluctuations at many places around the world.
Jaffe, Bruce and Eric Geist, et. al. “Indian Ocean Earthquake Triggers Deadly Tsunami.” Soundwaves Monthly News Letter. USGS, 30 Dec. 2009. Web. 14 Sept. 2010. < http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2005/01/index.html>.
Doc 3: Areas Most Affected
Doc 4: Links to Animation of the Tsunami Wave Formation
animation depicting how tsunamis form: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/4136289.stm
Indian Ocean tsunami animation: http://staff.aist.go.jp/kenji.satake/animation.gif
Doc 5: Map of Plate Boundaries and Seismic Activity
Doc 6: Prediction of the Tsunami
The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center Detected the Earthquake and after 15 minutes issued a communique to Pacific Islands saying that there shall be no threats to them and also advises that there is a Tsunami watch going on but not an alert. 65 minutes later a second communique repeats the same information and says that there may a possibility of
a Tsunami at the epicenter.
The tragedy is that this information was not communicated to the Indian Ocean region. The NOAA officers says that they did not have the addresses of the appropriate officials.
Doc 7: USGS: Warnings Could Have Saved Thousands in Asia - 26 December, 2004
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A warning center such as those used around the Pacific could have saved most of the thousands of people who died in Asia's earthquake and tsunamis, a U.S. Geological Survey official said on Sunday.
None of the countries most severely affected -- including India, Thailand, Indonesia and Sri Lanka -- had a tsunami warning mechanism or tidal gauges to alert people to the wall of water that followed a massive earthquake, said Waverly Person of the USGS (news - web sites) National Earthquake Information Center.
"Most of those people could have been saved if they had had a tsunami warning system in place or tide gauges," he said.
"And I think this will be a lesson to them," he said, referring to the governments of the devastated countries.
Person also said that because large tsunamis, or seismic sea waves, are extremely rare in the Indian Ocean, people were never taught to flee inland after they felt the tremors of an earthquake.
Tsunami warning systems and tide gauges exist around the Pacific Ocean, for the Pacific Rim as well as South America. The United States has such warning centers in Hawaii and Alaska operated by the U.S. Geological Survey. But none of these monitors the Indian Ocean region. The 8.9-magnitude underwater quake -- one of the most powerful in history -- off the Indonesian island of Sumatra devastated southern Asia and triggered waves of up to 30 feet high.
DEVASTATING TSUNAMI
U.S. seismologists said it was unlikely the Indian Ocean region would be hit any time soon by a similarly devastating tsunami because it takes an enormously strong earthquake to generate one.
"That's really what has created all of these problems -- is that the earthquake is just so massive," said Dan Blakeman, a USGS earthquake analyst.
But Person said governments should instruct people living along the coast to move after a quake. Since a tsunami is generated at the source of an underwater earthquake, there is usually time -- from 20 minutes to two hours -- to get people away as it builds in the ocean. "People along the Japanese coasts, along the coasts of California -- people are taught to move away from the coasts. But a lot of these people in the area where this occurred -- they probably had no kind of lessons or any knowledge of tsunamis because they are so rare."
A major tsunami, a Japanese word meaning "harbor wave," occurs in the Pacific Ocean about once a decade. It is generated by vertical movement during an earthquake and sometimes incorrectly referred to as a tidal wave, according to the Web site of the U.S. National Geophysical Data Center.
Because of the lack of monitoring mechanisms, the U.S. Geological Survey had no access to government or scientific information in the areas affected by the latest tsunamis.
"I've been talking to our tsunami people and they have no contact with any of these nations on the tsunamis," said Person. "We don't have anyone there. We get it from the press."