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Chapter 16 Notes: Psychological Disorders
DSM-IV
Mental Retardation
-IQ score plus adaptive functioning
-mild: IQ = 55 to 70
-moderate: IQ = 40 to 55
-severe: IQ = 25 to 40
-profound IQ below 25
Learning Disorders
-reading, writing, math
-IQ, cognitive, achievement
-treat with remediation, accommodation
Autistic Disorder
-social impairment
-poor peer relationships
-lack of social/emotional reciprocity
-delay in spoken language
-stereotyped mannerisms, such as hand-flapping
-preoccupation with parts of objects
-adherence to routines
-Asperger’s: no delay in language or cognition
ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)
-inattentive type
-hyperactive-impulsive type
-combined type
Treated with medication (Ritalin, Adderall) and behavior management
Conduct Disorder
-enuresis, killing animals, setting fires
-aggression to people and animals
-fighting
-destruction of property
-deceitfulness or theft
-serious violation of rules: truancy, running away from home
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
-loses temper
-argues with adults
-defiant, noncompliant
- blames others
Dementia
-memory impairment
-1 or more: aphasia, apraxia, agnosis, planning, executive functions
Substance-Related Disorders
-Substance Dependence
-tolerance: increased amounts of substance needed for desired
effects
-Substance abuse
-recurrent us
-failure to fulfill obligations at work, school. Home
-cause social problems
Alcohol, amphetamines, caffeine-induced anxiety, cannabis, cocaine,
hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics,
anxiolytics
Alcohol Intoxication
-maladaptive behavior: impaired judgment, lability
-slurred speech, unsteady gait
Alcohol Dependence
-tolerance; increased amounts
Alcohol Abuse
-repeated use
-failure to fulfill obligations
-hazardous situations (driving)
-legal problems (DUIs)
Schizophrenia
-delusions (Napoleon)
-hallucinations, usually auditory
-may tell person to hurt self or others
-disorganized, incoherent speech
-grossly disorganize4d or catatonic behavior
-flat affect
-social/work dysfunction
Paranoid schizophrenia
-frequent delusions, hallucinations
Disorganized schizophrenia
-prominent disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, flat or
inappropriate affect
Catatonic schizophrenia
-immobility
-rigid posture
-mutism or echolalia
Treated with medication; periodic psychiatric hospitalization may also be needed
Delusional disorder
-nonbizarre delusions
-poisoned, deceived
Types: erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic
Difficult to treat with therapy: they don’t trust the therapist
Mood disorders
Major Depression
-depressed mood, anhedonia, changes in weight or appetite,
changes in sleep, psychomotor retardation or agitation,
fatigue, guilt, worthlessness, problems with concentration,
suicidal thoughts
Dysthymia
Manic Episode
-inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, decreased sleep, increased
talking, flight of ideas, racing thoughts, distractibility,
increase in pleasurable activities with painful consequences
Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depression)
Eating disorders
-anorexia nervosa
-bulimia nervosa
Anxiety Disorders
Panic attack
-pounding, racing heart, sweating, shaking, chest pain, nausea,
dizziness, fear of losing control or going insane, fear of dying
Agoraphobia
-situations avoided
Specific Phobia
-excessive, unreasonable fear (flying, heights)
-phobic situation causes great anxiety
-phobia interferes with life, work
Social Phobia
-fear of 1 or more social situations
-avoidance of social situations
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
-either obsessions (recurrent thoughts that are intrusive or
Inappropriate) or compulsions (repetitive behaviors)
-time-consuming
-interfere with life
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
-experience, witness event that involved actual or threatened
death/injury
-response of intense fear or helplessness
-event is re-experienced by distressing recollections, recurrent
dreams, distress at reminders
-irritability
-difficulty sleeping
-startle response, hypervigilant
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
-excessive worry
-restlessness, fatigue, irritability
-problems with sleep, concentration
Somatoform Disorders
Somatization Disorder
-many physical complaints before age 30, repeatedly seek
Treatment
-symptoms not explained medically or symptoms are excessive
-Hypochondriasis
-fear of having serious disease
-persists despite medical assurance
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Amnesia
-forget personal information
Dissociative Fugue
-travel from home
-unable to recall one’s past
-may assume new identity
-Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)
-2 or more personalities
Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders
Sexual dysfunctions
Sexual arousal disorders
-failure to attain or maintain arousal until completion of sex
act (considering age, level or stimulation)
Orgasmic disorders
Premature ejaculation
Vaginismus
Paraphilias (sexual deviations)
-exhibitionism, fetishism, frottuerism, pedophilia, sexual
masochism, sexual sadism, voyeurism
Gender Identity Disorder
-stated desire or insistence he or she is other sex
-preference for cross-sex roles or fantasies of being other sex
-may pass as other sex
Adjustment Disorders
Sleep Disorders
Primary insomnia: difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep
Primary hypersomnia: excessive sleepiness, prolonged sleep
Narcolepsy: daily irresistible sleep attacks with loss of muscle tone
Nightmare disorder: frightening dreams; quickly orient when awakened
Sleep Terror: intense fear, sweating, heart racing
Sleepwalking disorder
Disorders of Impulse Control
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
-assaultive or destructive behavior
-out of proportion to stressor
Kleptomania
Pyromania
Pathological Gambling
-preoccupation with gambling
-increased bets to gain excitement
-can’t stop
-gamble to escape problems
-lies to conceal gambling
Personality Disorders
-enduring pattern that deviates markedly from expectations of culture
-can affect cognition (perceive, interpret events), affect, interpersonal
functioning, impulse control
Paranoid Personality Disorder
-suspects others trying to harm him or her
-preoccupied with doubts of loyalty, bears grudges
-reads hidden meaning into things
Avoidant Personality Disorder
-unwilling to associate with others unless sure of being liked
-fear of being criticized, rejected
-sees self as inept
Schizoid Personality Disorder
-can’t enjoy close relationships
-solitary activities
-little interest in sex
-no close friends except family
-detached, indifferent to praise
Antisocial Personality Disorder
-unlawful behavior
-lying, conning,
-irresponsible (not work)
-fail to plan ahead
-lack of remorse
-disregard for safety of self and others
Borderline Personality Disorder
-avoids abandonment
-unstable, intense relationships
-suicidal threats, gestures
-impulsive
-inappropriate anger
-labile
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
-grandiose sense of self
-sees self as special
-requires excessive admiration
-sense of entitlement; takes advantage of others
-lacks empathy
Histrionic Personality Disorder
-needs to be center of attention
-seductive behavior
-shallow expression of emotion
-dramatic
Dependent Personality Disorder
-tries to obtain reassurance
-needs assurance to make everyday decisions
-others need to take responsibility for them
-difficulty expressing disagreement, fear loss of support
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
-perfectionistic
-preoccupied with rules, lists
-morally inflexible