Cogs17 Final Exam Comprehensive Study Review Outline Guide
Ch 9 Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Biorhythms
-What are the differences between ultradian, circadian, infradian, and circuannual rhythms? What are examples of each?
-What are pacemaker cells? What are the clock and cycle proteins in fruit flies? How do they work?
-What is the "master pacemaker"? Where is it located? What happens when this structure is damaged?
-What is a zeitgeber and how does it help determine human clocks? What is an example of a zeitgeber?
-What is a free-running clock and why does it occur?
-What is the pineal gland? What does it produce?
-What is the basic rest-activity cycle?
Sleep
-How can we define sleep?
-What are the different stages of sleep?
-What waveforms occur in each stage?
-What are the characteristics of each waveform?
-How does the length of each stage change throughout the night?
-What is the difference between night terrors and nightmares?
-How does the length of each sleep stage change with age? Between species?
-What does the Circadian theory of sleep state? Recuperation theory? Theory that sleep promotes learning?
-What are some structures involved in sleep?
Chapter 10 Sex
What are sexually dimorphic behaviors?
What role do hormones play in human male and human female sexual behavior? What other factors are important? What about non-human primates?
Anatomy
-What are the three categories of sex organs (primary sex characteristics)?
-What are male and female external sex organs?
-What brain structures are responsible for the neural control of sexual behavior in males? Females?
Developmental Physiology
-What are the sex chromosomes of a male, female? Is a person's genetic sex determined by the mother or the father?
-The SRY gene on the Y chromosome dictates the development of what factor?
-What is the function of this factor? What happens when this is missing? What is the default sex?
-How do the gonads become the testes? How do gonads become ovariese?
-What is the precursor system of the internal female sex organs? male sex organs?
-What is the function of anti Mullerian hormone? What about androgens? Why are they important?
-What is androgen insensitivity syndrome? Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome? Turner's syndrome? What systems are implicated in these disorders?
-What happens during puberty? What are the hormones and structures involved? How can nutrition affect the age of puberty onset?
How do estradiol and androgens affect secondary sex characteristics in males and females?
What is one piece of evidence that supports the belief that sexual orientation may be biologically based?
What are some cognitive differences between males and females? What about anatomical differences in terms of hemispheric lateralization?
Ch 11 Emotion
What are emotions? What is the difference between positive and negative emotions? Might there be a physiological reason why we need emotions?
What are universal emotions? What are the six universal emotions?
How do emotions affect performance?
Theories of emotion:
-What is the James-Lange Theory of emotion?
-What is the Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion?
-What is Schacter's Two Factor Theory of emotion?
Neuroanatomy
-What structures are involved in emotion?
-What are the functions of these structures?
-Where are these structures located?
-What are the inputs to the systems, what are the outputs?
Ch 13 Learning and Memory
What are the main differences between Classical/Pavlovian conditioning and Instrumental/Operant conditioning?
What is the Hebb Rule? What is its relationship to LTP?
NMDA Receptors
-What are the necessary conditions for Ca++ channels to open?
-What are some short term effects of NMDA activation? What are longer term changes that take place in the cell?
-How could NMDA receptors facilitate formation of associations between different sensory stimuli?
-How can one artificially induce LTP?
Squire's Taxonomy of Memory
-Can you identify/supply examples of the general categories?
-What brain areas do we associate with these different types?
-Are there any relevant clinical examples discussed in lecture/textbook linking brain areas with memory function, or differentiating categories of memories?
What are the different types of amnesia?
Hippocampus
-What are some of the basic functions of the hippocampus?
-Could you describe the inputs to the hippocampus? The outputs? The Tri-synaptic circuit?
-What is a feedforward loop (synonymous with positive feedback loop)? What could one be useful for? What happens when a feedforward loop gets out of control?
-Are there any documented cases of lesioned hippocampi?
-Spatial Memory
*What are some cell types unique to the hippocampus that aid in spatial navigation?
*Can you recall any studies that shows some similarity in hippocampal function and size across species?
Amygdala
-What is the role of the Amygdala as pertaining to learning?
-What types of sensory input does the amygdala receive?
-What does the amygdala output to?
Ch 14 Language and Communication
Lateralization
-What are tasks normally relegated to the left hemisphere? The right?
-Which side is language most commonly found on?
-What is a test that can determine the lateralization of functions, such as language?
Do other animal species have language?
-What are non human primates capable of learning?
-Do talking birds possess language faculties?
Broca's area
-Where is broca's area? What does the surrounding cortex do?
-What functions does it perform?
-How does Broca's aphasia happen? What are some common symptoms?
Wernicke's area
-Where is this located? What are surrounding cortical areas responsible for?
-What does it do?
-What happens during Wernicke's aphasia?
What is the name of the axon bundles between Broca's and Wernicke's areas? What do people have difficulty doing if these fibers are severed?
What is prosody? Where in the brain is this coordinated?
Sign Language
-What are similarities to spoken language? Differences?
-How is signer Aphasia characterized?
Know some details of other disorders of language/communication
-Other types of aphasia
-The 'lexias
-Split Brain
Ch. 16 Schizophrenia
Know the positive and negative symptoms seen in schizophrenia.
Positive –
Delusions: How do we define them?
•What are the different types of delusions seen in schizophrenics?
Hallucinations:
•What are they and what are some common types seen in schizophrenics?
What types of thought and motor disturbances are seen in schizophrenics?
Negative: in general, what are negative symptoms of schizophrenia like?
Describe some of the specific negative symptoms seen:
•Anhedonia, Avolition, Alogia, Asociality, Flat Affect
What do studies of siblings and relatives tell us about the genetic nature of schizophrenia?
What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia? What are some of its supporting data and what findings seem to contradict it?
What differences in ventricle size are seen in schizophrenia and what are some of the arguments against ventricle size being a significant factor in the disease?
What is a reported relationship of brain glucose metabolism to schizophrenia and what are the arguments for/against the significance of this finding?
What are some environmental factors associated with a higher incidence of schizophrenia? What are the Breeder Hypothesis and Social Drift Theory?
Chapter 18: Drug Abuse
How are drug abuse and dependence defined clinically?
What are positive and negative reinforcement?
What is opponent process theory as it pertains to drug abuse?
What factors are important in determining the addictive potential of a drug?
What are some characteristics of drug craving and relapse and how are certain brain areas involved in these phenomena?
What is the mechanism/site of action, effects of long-term use (in terms of studies reported on the slides, taken from the book), and some common treatments for each of the following drug classes?
Opiates
Stimulants (cocaine and methamphetamine)
Alcohol
Nicotine
Cannabis