Guidance on Management of Large Amount of Waste After Emergency Situation

－DRAFT Document Profile－

Guidance on management of large amount of waste after emergency situation

1．Background

There are aA number of large areas in the world have been affected bywith radioactive contamination caused by a variety of incidents, accidents and past activities in nuclear facilities. Once an incident or accident occurs at a nuclear facility, these area surrounding the facilitys can be a mixtureedof emergency exposure situation and/ existing exposure situation zone immediatelyand very large after incidents and accidents. A large amount of contaminants arising from remediation in those areas can be neededadequate proper management as radioactive waste until its including final disposal. It is necessary to pay greater attention to manage a large amount of waste after emergency situation. This has been specified by lessons learned of tThe nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station in Japan revealed the importance of the management of a large amount of waste after emergency situations.

The IAEA is developing a Safety Standard “Remediation Process for Areas with Residual Radioactive Material”, IAEA Safety Standards Series DS468, which will supersede was revised “Remediation Process for Areas Affected by Past Activities and Accidents”, No.WS-G-3.1. DS468will is expected to be alsoaddressed the issue that regarding a large amount of waste with relatively low concentrationamounts of radionuclides can be generated by remediation activities more in detailand expand this subject of WS-G-3.1. While there has been progress made in the remediation of contaminated areas in many countries, theaninternationally accepted guidance has yet to be published on a large amount of radioactive waste arising from remediation activities was hardly made an arrangement.

Therefore, this publication will focus on the management of large amount of radioactive waste management generated from in the following areas:

1)Remediation activity immediately after incidents and accidents in the area which is mixed with emergency exposure situation/ existing exposure situation

2) zoneafter incidents and accidents Remediation activity in the area which has been sites contaminated by past activities where remediation can be needed.[KY1]

The lLessons learned fromofthe nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station has also revealedanthe issuesin regards to which are an acceleration of licensing processes and relevant decision making for radioactive waste management in very large contaminated areaafter incidents and accidents and a relevant decision making. The eLessonsxperiencefromofthe Chernobyly accident also indicatesgained that decision making for waste management should ntakeinto account the interdependencies with the subsequent step as much as possible in order to create avoid unmanageable waste management problems in the future. [KY2]

Taking into account these lessons, this publication should will deal with those issues in order to:

Reduce radiation exposure or risks to the public and workers during the remediation activity by introducing simple but effective licensing framework and methodology means of taking shorter term than the usual duration of those that shortens the duration for licensing processes
Reduce radiation exposure or risks to the public and environment in the future by describing necessary consideration that is important for and make an arrangement of appropriate decision making for radioactive waste management in mixed emergency exposure situation/ existing exposure situation zone after incidents and accidents.[KY3]

３．[KY4]Objective and Scope

This guidance document will provide guidance on available management options of radioactive waste management arising from remediation and emergency response activities following after incidents, accidents orand past activities. Important nature of waste management and waste characteristics typical to the radioactive waste management arising from remediation and emergency response activities will be summarized at introductory sections. In addition, key issues and consideration for waste management will be discussed in relation to These options will be concerned with timeframe of each step, that is, emergency preparedness in advance to accidents, of emergency, period during the accident management, and the long-term waste management period after the emergency situation till final disposal phase and long term protective action.

What is in scope

Focus is on things to do, and things not to do, for waste management beyond the emergency phase
Types and quantities of waste
Waste directly from emergency phase
Waste from remediation of the existing exposure situation
Secondary sources (redistribution) – various streams
Phases for management of wastes – (can overlap; geographic differentiation)
Emergency exposure situation (Transition phase; considering transition to existing situation)
Remediation / Existing situation
Post remediation (consider term; internal use) – “New Normal”
Considerations for developing minimum standards for waste management including storage and disposal in existing situation
Endpoint Objectives (radiation protection, social and demographic considerations, timeframe, economic reality, lifestyle and public infrastructure); stakeholder involvement and engagement (communication with interested parties: “what is safe?”)
Waste characterization (properties)
Pre-accident planning (for waste management following emergencies – development of appropriate national standards); tie to existing safety standard (GS-R-2) [including allocation of roles and responsibilities] [paragraph from Michael looking at additional defence in depth; goes beyond those defined in emergency response; this needs to be known in preparedness phase
Regulatory framework in existing situations (licensing acceleration and allocation of responsibilities)
Recycling / Reuse
Record Keeping (and time limit)
The concept of “clearance” continues throughout the whole process…
Graded Approach to safety demonstration (link to Monica’s documents)

Could consider

Decay disposal for contaminants with t1/2 < 30 yr
Inside and outside exclusion zone

Things NOT to do

Notes from “Management of Off-site Waste Contaminated with Radioactive Materials due to the Accident at Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations”

“contaminated waste” – duplicative term (do not use)
question of independent remedial actions (e.g. given, individuals removing contaminated trees to reduce dose without waiting for survey or measurement)
The concept of “clearance” continues throughout the whole process…

Day 1 Summary Notes

For tomorrow morning
Start at 9:00 AM tomorrow X
Start dot-points; begin to flesh out X
Ukraine presentation
Coffee
United States presentation

Sought Objectives of this Report

Dynamic and practical
Acknowledge we are addressing situations that are typically fluid and different
Remediation of an existing situation;
Consider legitimizing (that it is appropriate) near surface disposal including LLW; consider
Institutional control
Possible exclusion zone (which may have dyanmic boundaries temporally)
Retention of records/information
Intrusion scenarios
There are problems that remain for future… (because we can’t solve them immediately)
Elements that are key to interim actions: retrieval; reversibility
Terminology
Collection Points (little or no site selection involved; no safety case)
Interim Storage (site selection, reduce risk, but not considered “disposal”)
Disposal (full standards for long-term disposal)

Are we adding a new level (outermost) of the defence in depth principle? – YES; we are incorporaing a new argument for the Safety Case.

Keeping in mind the Graded Approach; planning for the post-accidneal phase is worthy if consequences of an accident incude major socio-economic and radiological impact.

[Aside; French philosopher P. Virilio – wrote as to how precisely should we plan for the catastrophic event. All in all, this is a question of geography. How far does the nuclear power plant “control” the land, and therefore annihilate part of its free use? How organized, planned, and prepared should this territory be?]

Setting the Decision Points, rather than the Decisions themselves

Two levels of policy strategy? (After you have brough the situation under control – at transition need to set targets – what will “new normal” be? What is achieveble?) 1. How to start dealing with situation; 2. Remediation ? Should have a very systematic, but dynamic, approach…

Recognize how case specfic accident events are; we can only set.

Points from Ukraine presentation

Ultimate objective of radioactive waste management is DISPOSAL
Lessons Learned;
Emergency Preparedness; cooperative solutions
Pre-engineered storage?

Goal – table of contents (document structure)

Background
Scope
Current Understanding of Post-Accident Phases
Time Frames [defining criteria]
Geographic Frames [defining criteria]
Existing Infrastructure and People [Society and Lifestyle Values]
End States [objectives with respect to time and space]
Activities Generating Large Amounts of Radioactive Waste
Synthesis of Information [leading to a need for setting policies; time, space, objectives, waste, infrastructure]
Preparedness [anticipate; what we can prepare for, with recognition of limited ability to forecast]
Consequence: Need for Post-Emergency Planning (New Outer Layer of Defence in Depth)
Safety case to integrate new layer [outermost]
Involvement (Governments, Regulators, Public, Media, interested parties – roles and responsibilities)
New Thinking on Remediation
The only certainty is future accidents will differ from past ones, however strategic lessons offer broad applicability
Driven by the organization of a vast number of parameters (see 3.f) that characterize the post-emergency phase
Limitation of comprehensive FEPs-type approach to anticipating accidents
Need to Describe Main parameters and their interactions, avoiding clinical lists
Strategic (rather than tactical); goal is recovery of well being of people and the environment [to an acceptable endpoint, a “new normality” that speaks to time, space, objectives, waste, infrastructure, and people]
Range of Parameters and Associated Bounds
Process of defining (and refining) end states (high-level objectives with respect to time, space, objectives, waste, infrastructure, and people) for each phase [concept that preliminary definition will undoubtedly change over time]
Radiation Protection
Issues associated with boundary definitions
Waste Management during Remediation
End Point <
Strategy to Reach (including understanding of waste nature and extent, forecast of quantity of radioactive waste resulting from different activities of remediation) <
Decisions that Enforce Strategy < (waste minimalization, interim storage)
Waste characterization, waste stream, waste management facilities, WAC, monitoring
Waste Disposal in an Existing Situation
What to Do, and What not to do, during emegency phase

４．Table of contents and Issues

Table.1 shows the table of contents and issues which should be discussed. The following subjects should be well considered when drafting the in case of documentation.

Specific value won’t be provided specifically. Rather than that, key issues that need to be considered when setting a certain value should be well explained along with its background thoughts. Good examples from past experience will also help understanding of readers. Discussion on the deviation from the normal waste management will be also important taking into account special situation (including radiological circumstances) and different waste characteristics of emergency waste.[KY5]

Misleading terms should be well defined noted/ mentionedin the text.

Thorough discussion on what “should do” and what “should not do” during the each step will be useful.[KY6]

Table.1Table of contents and Issues[KY7]

Table of contents / Issues
1. Introduction
1) Background
2) Objective
3)Scope
4)Structure / 1) - 3) Cleary describe the background of this activity, objective and scope of this document. It needs to be emphasized that radioactive waste management for very complicated waste stream has to be conducted in very timely manner with many stakeholders under both emergency exposure situation and in existing exposure situation.
4) －
2.Overview ofwaste management after emergency[KY8]
1) General
2)Timeframe
3)Waste management in the context of each timeframe / 1)Describe characteristics of waste management after emergency (short preparation time / wide variety of stakeholders / out of scope of licenses before the emergency etc.)
2)Describe the timeframe which is defined in this document for clarifying different nature of waste management in each timeframe and for clearly explaining necessary arrangement in each timeframe in the following chapters
3)Describe typical characteristics of waste management for each timeframe. Maybe briefly introduce key elements of safety for each timeframe
3. Radiation protection
1) General
2)Consideration for each timeframe / Consistency with GSR Part3, ICRP Pub.103 and Pub.111 should be taken into account. Summary of requirements in these documents will be also given.
4. Responsibilities associated with radioactive waste management after emergency
1) General
2) Legal, regulatory and policy framework
3) Responsibility of the operator
4) Responsibility of the regulatory body / 1)Summary of requirements in safety standards and other IAEA documents related to waste management in general and after emergency will be given.
2)-4) What is required to conduct radioactive waste managementin each phase (emergency preparedness period, accident management phase and long term protective action)? What is the responsibility of key stakeholders?
5. Emergency preparedness for appropriate waste management
1)General
2)Concept of temporary storage / 1) Consistency with “Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency”, DS457Describe what needs to be considered and prepared in advance to any accidents in order to promptly and effectively initiate waste management after emergency
2) Description on development of temporary storage in order to reduce radiation exposure to worker in case that intervention in emergency exposure situation can be justified
6. Waste management during accident management phase
1)General
2)Activities during the accident management phase
3) Safety considerations
4) Planning of activity
5)Implementation of activity
6) Documentation and record[KY9] / 1)Consistency with “Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency”, DS457
2)Describe what kind of activity is conducted during this time period
3)Describe ‘should do’ and ‘should not do’ considering the interdependencies with the following storage / disposal
4-5) Describe safety considerations in detail - How to characterize and classify radioactive waste in case that temporary storage can be conducted in emergency exposure situation etc.
6) What kind of data / records needs to be collected for future development of disposal facilities
7. Waste management after emergency situation
1)General
2)Activities after emergency situation
3)Safety consideration and approach of radioactive waste management after emergency
4)Planning of waste management at existing exposure situation areas
5)Acceleration of licensing procedure / allocation of responsibilities[KY10]
6)Involvement of stakeholders
7) Development of predisposal facilities and disposal facilities
8) Records and documents / 1)Consistency with “Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency”, DS457
2)Describe what kind of activity is conducted during this time period
3)Describe considerations / options for waste management at existing exposure situation areas
4)Concept and case study of safety case and supporting safety assessment relating to several options of waste management
5)Describe how to realize prompt licensing process and how to avoid confusion by clear allocation of responsibility (Maybe included Chapter 4 for responsibility or 5 for emergency preparedness)
6)How to ensure effective communication with interested parties in terms of siting
7)Consistency with “Remediation Process for Areas with Residual Radioactive Material”,DS468
-Concept and case study of waste management
-Considerations for developing a safety case
8) What kind of data / records needs to be utilized or further collected for adequately ensure the safety of disposal facility
7. Waste management after emergency situation
1)General
2)Activities after emergency situation
3)Safety consideration and approach of radioactive waste management after emergency
4)Planning of waste management at existing exposure situation areas
5)Acceleration of licensing procedure / allocation of responsibilities[KY11]
6)Involvement of stakeholders
7) Development of predisposal facilities and disposal facilities
8) Records and documents / (Chapter dedicated for past activities: corresponding to Chapter 7. Reconsideration of contents will be plausible according to the discussion by experts on the difference between WM from accident and WM for past activities)

ANNEXES

Annex I Summary of Lessons learned from past activities in different countries

(difference of each activity, main feature to be addressed)

Annex II Lessons from practical experience in waste management after emergency

(Country 1)

Annex III Lessons from practical experience in waste management after emergency

(Country 2)

Annex IV Lessons from practical experience in waste management for cleanup of legacy sites (Country 1)

Annex V Lessons from practical experience in waste management for cleanup of legacy sites (Country 2)

[KY1]2つの状況の違いを明確化するような書き方に変更しましたが、意図がずれていれば戻してください。

[KY2]意図は同じですが、少し言葉を膨らませ、SSでもよく取り上げるinterdependencyという言葉をいれています。

[KY3]作業中の被ばく、という観点だけでなく、将来世代への影響緩和という意図を２．として追記しました。意図に反すようでしたら戻してください。

[KY4]2. でしょうか。

[KY5]意図を取り違えていたら直してください。また、derivationが何からのderivationなのか、記載できればそのほうがよいと考えます。

[KY6]一文追加しました。適宜ご議論ください。

[KY7]表の中、段落が崩れてしまったのでTrack Changeを残さずに加筆させていただきました。手を入れた部分のセルは黄色くしてあります。(英語表現の修正程度の部分は着色していません)

[KY8]ひとつ章をふやしました。この中で、Emergency後の廃棄物管理の特徴、Timeframeの考え方の導入およびそれぞれのTimeframeのポイントとなることなどを記載し、それをうけて個別のTimeframeごとに詳細を5章以降に展開する形にしました。

[KY9]記載を細分化しました。

[KY10]どこに記載するのがよいのか、わからないのですがひとまずここにいれました。

[KY11]どこに記載するのがよいのか、わからないのですがひとまずここにいれました。