Supplemental Table 3 – Linear regression of condition-specific average hospital charges and county-level health, socioeconomic, and market factors
Variables / Cellulitis (n=2,496, R2=0.6303) / CHF (n=2,653, R2=0.6612)Coefficient / 95% CI / p / Coefficient / 95% CI / p
Health outcomes / Reported fair/poor health / 212.55 / 46.58 / 378.52 / 0.01 / 322.91 / 123.39 / 522.43 / 0.002
Days of poor physical health / 10.50 / -229.29 / 250.28 / 0.93 / -153.08 / -435.04 / 128.87 / 0.29
Days of poor mental health / -99.73 / -323.61 / 124.15 / 0.38 / -3.62 / -255.79 / 248.56 / 0.98
Low birth weight rate / -105.69 / -471.48 / 260.09 / 0.57 / 120.32 / -315.04 / 555.67 / 0.59
Health behaviors / % Tobacco use / -21.89 / -125.70 / 81.92 / 0.68 / -70.90 / -197.37 / 55.57 / 0.27
% Obese / 54.64 / -102.88 / 212.15 / 0.50 / -91.30 / -277.67 / 95.07 / 0.34
% Physically inactive / 42.91 / -129.20 / 215.02 / 0.63 / 77.63 / -125.12 / 280.39 / 0.45
% Alcohol abuse / -73.34 / -194.43 / 47.75 / 0.24 / -19.17 / -166.36 / 128.03 / 0.80
Motor vehicle mortality rate / -113.42 / -197.46 / -29.38 / 0.008 / -211.27 / -311.02 / -111.51 / <0.001
Chlamydia rate / -0.01 / -2.87 / 2.86 / 1.00 / -0.16 / -3.75 / 3.42 / 0.93
Teen birth rate / -67.76 / -107.68 / -27.85 / 0.001 / -65.83 / -113.48 / -18.19 / 0.007
Access and
Quality of Outpatient
Care / PCP rate / -1.17 / -19.96 / 17.63 / 0.90 / -10.87 / -34.16 / 12.42 / 0.36
Dentist rate / -2.75 / -28.99 / 23.49 / 0.84 / -5.19 / -35.86 / 25.47 / 0.74
ACSC rate / -3.05 / -24.66 / 18.57 / 0.78 / 21.17 / -3.51 / 45.84 / 0.09
% Hemoglobin A1c test / -1.70 / -81.14 / 77.74 / 0.97 / -31.04 / -139.76 / 77.69 / 0.58
% Mammography / -31.68 / -112.46 / 49.09 / 0.44 / -94.55 / -184.97 / -4.13 / 0.04
Physical environment / Average particulate matter / -242.99 / -490.27 / 4.28 / 0.05 / -347.23 / -636.87 / -57.58 / 0.02
% Unsafe drinking water / 3.51 / -16.69 / 23.71 / 0.73 / 4.24 / -18.98 / 27.46 / 0.72
Recreational facility rate / 35.30 / -57.47 / 128.06 / 0.46 / 48.85 / -65.88 / 163.59 / 0.40
% Limited healthy food access / -73.43 / -187.86 / 41.00 / 0.21 / -139.11 / -289.21 / 10.99 / 0.07
% Fast food restaurants / 1.27 / -57.20 / 59.73 / 0.97 / -6.56 / -77.83 / 64.71 / 0.86
Socioeconomic factors / % Uninsured / 213.77 / 87.08 / 340.46 / 0.001 / 305.66 / 151.77 / 459.56 / <0.001
% HS graduation / 29.95 / -25.16 / 85.05 / 0.29 / 93.01 / 24.56 / 161.47 / 0.008
% Some college education / -36.76 / -127.56 / 54.05 / 0.43 / -5.31 / -108.05 / 97.42 / 0.92
% Unemployed / 285.61 / 37.22 / 533.99 / 0.02 / 273.50 / -36.94 / 583.93 / 0.08
% Children in poverty / -266.02 / -377.24 / -154.80 / <0.001 / -230.98 / -365.12 / -96.85 / 0.001
% Inadequate social support / 155.17 / 29.03 / 281.31 / 0.02 / 248.41 / 101.62 / 395.19 / 0.001
% Single parent homes / 124.38 / -0.87 / 249.63 / 0.05 / 67.07 / -67.05 / 201.19 / 0.33
Violent crime rate / 1.37 / -0.80 / 3.54 / 0.22 / 1.23 / -1.49 / 3.95 / 0.37
Supplemental Table 3 – Linear regression of condition-specific average hospital charges and county-level health, socioeconomic, and market factors (continued)
Variables / COPD (n=2,607, R2=0.6586) / MI (n=1,851, R2=0.6343)Coefficient / 95% CI / p / Coefficient / 95% CI / p
Health outcomes / Reported fair/poor health / 283.89 / 105.80 / 461.97 / 0.002 / 739.73 / 342.42 / 1137.05 / <0.001
Days of poor physical health / -149.41 / -412.18 / 113.35 / 0.27 / -159.40 / -740.74 / 421.93 / 0.59
Days of poor mental health / -0.17 / -238.47 / 238.12 / 1.00 / -250.07 / -727.53 / 227.39 / 0.30
Low birth weight rate / 262.66 / -146.70 / 672.02 / 0.21 / -74.03 / -834.57 / 686.50 / 0.85
Health behaviors / % Tobacco use / -134.04 / -246.33 / -21.75 / 0.02 / -37.08 / -290.19 / 216.03 / 0.77
% Obese / 56.07 / -120.16 / 232.30 / 0.53 / -207.01 / -532.22 / 118.21 / 0.21
% Physically inactive / -6.34 / -190.09 / 177.41 / 0.95 / 68.86 / -264.25 / 401.96 / 0.69
% Alcohol abuse / -45.37 / -176.82 / 86.09 / 0.50 / 138.05 / -124.55 / 400.65 / 0.30
Motor vehicle mortality rate / -148.26 / -243.31 / -53.22 / 0.002 / -328.96 / -536.49 / -121.43 / 0.002
Chlamydia rate / 0.43 / -3.13 / 3.99 / 0.81 / 0.65 / -7.23 / 8.54 / 0.87
Teen birth rate / -61.97 / -108.74 / -15.21 / 0.009 / -110.32 / -203.68 / -16.96 / 0.02
Access and
Quality of Outpatient
Care / PCP rate / 1.85 / -21.49 / 25.19 / 0.88 / 10.40 / -30.43 / 51.24 / 0.62
Dentist rate / -12.24 / -44.38 / 19.90 / 0.46 / -34.45 / -96.42 / 27.51 / 0.28
ACSC rate / 5.63 / -19.15 / 30.42 / 0.66 / 4.59 / -46.32 / 55.50 / 0.86
% Hemoglobin A1c test / -73.67 / -176.79 / 29.44 / 0.16 / -252.72 / -416.21 / -89.23 / 0.002
% Mammography / -56.87 / -149.60 / 35.85 / 0.23 / -172.39 / -329.72 / -15.05 / 0.03
Physical environment / Average particulate matter / -418.21 / -682.54 / -153.88 / 0.002 / 61.96 / -426.52 / 550.44 / 0.80
% Unsafe drinking water / 4.47 / -19.11 / 28.06 / 0.71 / -1.49 / -37.55 / 34.56 / 0.94
Recreational facility rate / -1.84 / -116.02 / 112.34 / 0.98 / -180.53 / -390.00 / 28.94 / 0.09
% Limited healthy food access / -126.50 / -271.83 / 18.82 / 0.09 / -271.45 / -576.76 / 33.86 / 0.08
% Fast food restaurants / 5.01 / -60.20 / 70.23 / 0.88 / 51.32 / -91.73 / 194.37 / 0.48
Socioeconomic factors / % Uninsured / 247.82 / 104.85 / 390.79 / 0.001 / 384.93 / 140.47 / 629.40 / 0.002
% HS graduation / 94.12 / 38.90 / 149.33 / 0.001 / 60.81 / -62.57 / 184.19 / 0.33
% Some college education / -46.25 / -138.17 / 45.68 / 0.32 / -14.91 / -206.04 / 176.22 / 0.88
% Unemployed / 202.42 / -72.22 / 477.07 / 0.15 / -250.37 / -733.09 / 232.36 / 0.31
% Children in poverty / -224.30 / -352.90 / -95.69 / 0.001 / -386.39 / -628.89 / -143.89 / 0.002
% Inadequate social support / 222.03 / 90.26 / 353.80 / 0.001 / 299.29 / 16.68 / 581.90 / 0.04
% Single parent homes / 31.15 / -94.74 / 157.05 / 0.63 / 221.62 / -17.29 / 460.54 / 0.07
Violent crime rate / 1.50 / -1.12 / 4.12 / 0.26 / 3.95 / -0.85 / 8.74 / 0.11
Supplemental Table 3 – Linear regression of condition-specific average hospital charges and county-level health, socioeconomic, and market factors (continued)
Variables / Ortho (n=2,538, R2=0.5398) / Pneumonia (n=2,692, R2=0.6455)Coefficient / 95% CI / p / Coefficient / 95% CI / p
Health outcomes / Reported fair/poor health / 152.21 / -243.19 / 547.61 / 0.45 / 531.29 / 238.98 / 823.60 / <0.001
Days of poor physical health / 436.40 / -174.98 / 1047.78 / 0.16 / -445.73 / -810.37 / -81.09 / 0.02
Days of poor mental health / 198.68 / -314.60 / 711.96 / 0.45 / 109.24 / -189.49 / 407.96 / 0.47
Low birth weight rate / 267.78 / -582.21 / 1117.78 / 0.54 / 170.25 / -377.60 / 718.10 / 0.54
Health behaviors / % Tobacco use / 71.02 / -168.66 / 310.70 / 0.56 / -146.05 / -297.37 / 5.26 / 0.06
% Obese / 191.19 / -172.75 / 555.12 / 0.30 / -17.13 / -245.75 / 211.49 / 0.88
% Physically inactive / -754.44 / -1125.06 / -383.83 / <0.001 / 0.31 / -225.29 / 225.91 / 1.00
% Alcohol abuse / -68.26 / -335.96 / 199.44 / 0.62 / -65.09 / -245.74 / 115.56 / 0.48
Motor vehicle mortality rate / -132.52 / -344.02 / 78.98 / 0.22 / -209.25 / -326.13 / -92.37 / <0.001
Chlamydia rate / -1.79 / -7.84 / 4.25 / 0.56 / 0.10 / -4.54 / 4.75 / 0.97
Teen birth rate / -17.93 / -116.23 / 80.37 / 0.72 / -90.18 / -161.74 / -18.61 / 0.01
Access and
Quality of Outpatient
Care / PCP rate / 38.36 / -2.51 / 79.23 / 0.07 / -5.77 / -36.04 / 24.49 / 0.71
Dentist rate / -58.48 / -116.08 / -0.88 / 0.05 / -5.34 / -47.53 / 36.86 / 0.80
ACSC rate / 18.41 / -34.46 / 71.28 / 0.50 / 38.17 / 7.19 / 69.15 / 0.02
% Hemoglobin A1c test / 12.64 / -191.02 / 216.30 / 0.90 / 69.42 / -56.27 / 195.11 / 0.28
% Mammography / -124.00 / -301.86 / 53.86 / 0.17 / -72.39 / -190.68 / 45.90 / 0.23
Physical environment / Average particulate matter / -239.90 / -850.14 / 370.35 / 0.44 / -467.91 / -832.47 / -103.35 / 0.01
% Unsafe drinking water / 14.83 / -34.09 / 63.75 / 0.55 / 6.67 / -25.60 / 38.94 / 0.69
Recreational facility rate / -122.09 / -326.58 / 82.40 / 0.24 / 47.43 / -85.49 / 180.35 / 0.48
% Limited healthy food access / -263.66 / -524.06 / -3.26 / 0.05 / -197.87 / -388.31 / -7.43 / 0.04
% Fast food restaurants / -121.38 / -254.31 / 11.55 / 0.07 / 16.41 / -69.33 / 102.15 / 0.71
Socioeconomic factors / % Uninsured / 447.59 / 145.02 / 750.15 / 0.004 / 338.88 / 157.43 / 520.33 / <0.001
% HS graduation / 175.25 / 40.00 / 310.50 / 0.01 / 75.57 / -2.68 / 153.82 / 0.06
% Some college education / -59.34 / -242.27 / 123.59 / 0.53 / -45.02 / -162.31 / 72.27 / 0.45
% Unemployed / 478.20 / -61.03 / 1017.42 / 0.08 / 460.60 / 105.73 / 815.47 / 0.01
% Children in poverty / -520.61 / -783.75 / -257.47 / <0.001 / -351.49 / -523.16 / -179.83 / <0.001
% Inadequate social support / 100.70 / -201.00 / 402.40 / 0.51 / 340.06 / 163.89 / 516.24 / <0.001
% Single parent homes / 298.41 / 73.72 / 523.10 / 0.009 / 73.99 / -83.20 / 231.19 / 0.36
Violent crime rate / 5.53 / 0.38 / 10.68 / 0.04 / 3.29 / -0.31 / 6.89 / 0.07