I. Human Factors- All physical and psychological factors that act on all involved parties to influence the safety of [in our case] a flight.
Human Factors is broken down into two areas:
a. Physical- illness, medication noise, temperature, etc.
b. Psychological-
Motivation
Lack of Awareness
Emotion
Complacency- use of checklists
Attitude
Perception
Judgement & decision making- can it be learned?
Self Discipline
II. Risk taking as a part of human performance
Risk- Any action or occurrence that can result in loss (financial, physical)
-Fundamental Character Trait?
-Necessary for Progress
Our job is to manage risk. How is this accomplished (ie. As a pilot)
-Check lists
-Procedures
-Currency
-Qualified
-Preflight
-ATC use
-Personal responsibility- seminars, readings, etc.
What procedures do the airlines use to manage risk?
-Teamwork
-Inspections
-Redundant procedures- (monitoring, callouts, etc.)
-Operations- required IFR
Teamwork
Along with teamwork comes communication. The following factors can affect flight deck communication:
-Personalities
-Company environment- ie. 1985 United Strike
-TAG- Transcockpit Authority Gradient- an expression of the strength & personalities involved
-Trust
-Ego
-Peer Pressure
-Stress
What constitutes effective team participation? P. 101
Why was CRM (Crew) so resisted by airline pilots of the ‘70’s and ‘80’s?
- Full System Approach
To attack the problem of human error a “full system approach” is needed where all facets of human involvement is examined.
- Airlines
-Selection- testing, experience
-Training Emphasis- ie. LOFT
-Internal Procedures- bidding for trips, time off etc.
- FAA
-Rules & Standards- age 60, GPWS, Duty Times*
-Inspection & Oversight
- Manufacturers
-Flight deck layout
-Redundant design
- Participants- Crew, Maint. Personnel, ATC, support
-Discipline (ie. Pilots must be disciplined to monitor)
(ATC needs to use standard phraseology)
-Awareness
Q How will communication suffer if/when the proposed date link communication technology is implemented?
Chapter 4- CRM (Alternate text)
-CRM principles are based on the effective management of a pilot’s available resources.
-CRM goals are:
-To create teamwork
-To enhance management skills
-To improve communication skills
-Provide a productive work environment
-When CRM breaks down it can lead to:
-Poor communication
-Poor crew coordination
-Mishandling of engine and system settings
-Misreading of instruments
-Pilots involved in accidents or incidents often report the following causal factors:
-Weak crew coordination
-Too-relaxed environment on flight deck
-Misunderstanding crewmembers
-Complacency
-Lack of confidence in other crewmembers
CRM is introduced in three phases:
-Awareness- measuring a pilot’s personal leadership style and behavioral traits-
-how does the pilot gather information
-does the person state their feelings
-how does the person resolve conflict
-how does the person accept criticism/give it to
others
-Is the person able to make unpopular decisions
-Practice and Feedback
LOFT- mission simulation & video feedback
LOFT discoveries:
1. Any level of stress narrows perceptual attention- Therefore delegation is important.
- Overfamiliarity with procedures/crew is a
Problem
- There is a need for the captain to include the
Cabin crew in the briefing
-Continued Reinforcement- peer pressure
CRM for the entire Crew- Often overlooked Recent studies reveal the following problems:
-Historical background
-Physical separation
-Psychological isolation
-Organizational Separation
-Recommendations:
-CRM training should approach this subject
-Place FA’s and Pilots under the same organizational structure
-Cockpit/cabin crews should be scheduled as a team
-Crew briefings should be re-emphasized
-Crews should observe the courtesy of an introduction
*Since United’s implementation of CRM hull loss rates have gone from 1 loss per million operations to 1 loss per 4.8 million operations.
CHAPTER 2- Judgement & Decision Making
Good Judgement comes through-
Awareness
Observation
Recognition
Understanding differences between alternatives
5 Hazardous thought patterns:
Macho- Need to prove
Invulnerability
Impulsivity
Anti-Authority
Resignation- “what’s the use
We as humans need a model to help us make decisions:
The Decide model is just one example.
D- Detect the change and the need for action
E- Estimate the significance of the change
C- Choose a safe outcome
I- Identify the actions that will lead to a safe outcome
D-Do: Act on the best alternative
E-Evaluate the effect of the action and change if necessary