Chemistry Unit Review (Pages 332-337) Answers

Chemistry Unit Review (Pages 332-337) Answers:

Visualizing Key Ideas

Using Key Terms

2. (a) False. Isotopes

(b) False. A basic solution

(d) False. an acid with a base

(e) False. single replacement

(f) True

(g) False. catalyst

(h) False. fusion

Checking Concepts

3. (a) Proton, electron, neutron

(b) Proton (1+), electron (1–), neutron (0)

4. (a)

(b) Boron

5. (a)

(b) Aluminum

6. (a)

(b)

7. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

8. Covalent

9. The mass of the reactants is equal to the mass of the products according to the law of conservation of mass.

10. The pH scale measures the acidity levels in solution.

11. (a) 7

(b) Less than 7

12. (a) An acid has one or more H on the left side of the formula, as in phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Organic acids have H on the right side of the formula, as in acetic acid (CH3COOH).

(b) A base has an OH on the right side of the formula and a metal on the left, as in Mg(OH)2.

13. A salt

14. Acid-base indicators

15. (a) 5

(b) 11

16. (a) Yellow

(b) Blue

17. (a) Increased

(b) 10 times

18. (a) Hydrochloric acid, HCl

(b) Sodium hydroxide, NaOH

19. (a) Basic

(b) Acidic

20. (a) The term “organic compound” refers to almost all carbon-containing compounds; exceptions include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ionic carbonates, which are considered inorganic.

(b) The term “inorganic compound” refers to compounds that generally do not contain carbon; the few exceptions include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ionic carbonates, which, despite containing carbon, are considered inorganic.

21. (a) A hydrocarbon is a compound containing the elements carbon and hydrogen.

(b) Methane is used in heating, ethane is used in manufacturing, and propane is used in camp fuel.

22. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

23. (a) Organic

(b) Inorganic

(d) Organic

(e) Inorganic

(f) Inorganic

(g) Organic

(h) Inorganic

24. (a) Synthesis

(b) Synthesis

(d) Combustion

(e) Neutralization

(f) Neutralization

(g) Double replacement

25. (a) Ca + CuF2 à CaF2 + Cu

(b) Rb + O2 à Rb2O

(d) Cl2 + PbI4 à PbCl4 + I2

(e) Li2O à Li + O2

(f) HF + Ca(OH)2 à CaF2 + H2O

(g) Ba + Ni(NO3)2 à Ba(NO3)2 + Ni

(h) Al + I2 à AlI2

(i) AgNO3 + Na2CrO4 à Ag2CrO4 + NaNO3

26. (a) Temperature

(b) Concentration

(d) Catalyst

(e) Surface area

(f) Oxygen (Possibly temperature too, because the flame temperature likely increases. However, the mixture is given extra oxygen so that the iron in the steel will also oxidize, which is a concentration effect.)

27. Alpha, beta, and gamma

28. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they possess.

29. (a)

(b)

(d)

(e) ,

30. (a) Both possess eight protons and eight electrons.

(b) Oxygen-16 has eight neutrons, and oxygen-17 has nine neutrons.

31. A beta particle is released from the nucleus of an atom through a process in which a neutron decays into other particles including a proton and an electron. The electron escapes from the nucleus as a beta particle. The newly formed proton remains in the nucleus, which increases the atomic number of the nucleus by one, creating a new element.

32. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

33.

34. In a fusion nuclear reaction, small atomic nuclei combine together to form larger ones, typically with the release of energy. In a fission nuclear reaction, more massive atomic nuclei fragment to form less massive nuclei.

35. Currently, fission nuclear reactions are used in the generation of electricity and in nuclear weapons.

Understanding Key Ideas

36. (a) Nickel

(b) Nitrogen

(d) Helium, oxygen, chlorine, nitrogen, and krypton

(e) Nickel, tin, sodium, gold

(f) Sodium

37. (a) 4Na + O2 à 2Na2O

(b) Mg + CuCl2 à Cu + MgCl2

(d) CrCl3 + 3KOH à 3KCl + Cr(OH)3

(e) 2NaCH3COO + Mn(NO3)2 à Mn(CH3COO)2 + 2NaNO3

38. Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen but not other elements.

(a) Hydrocarbon

(b) Not a hydrocarbon due to the presence of oxygen

(d) Not a hydrocarbon due to the presence of calcium and oxygen

(e) Not a hydrocarbon due to the presence of oxygen and the absence of carbon

39. (a) 2NaF à 2Na + F2

(b) 6Li+ N2 à 2Li3N

(d) K2CrO4 + 2AgNO3 à 2KNO3 + Ag2CrO4

(e) 2LiI + Br2 à 2LiBr + I2

(f) Cd + I2 à CdI2

(g) C3H8 + 5O2 à 3CO2 + 4H2O

(h) 3MgSO4 + 2In à In2(SO4)3 + 3Mg

(i) AlCl3 + Ru(NO3)3 à Al(NO3)3 + RuCl3

(j) H2CO3 + Mg(OH)2 à MgCO3 + 2H2O

40. 5 g

41. (a) Greater than 10 million years

(b) 1:1

42. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

43. (a)

(b)

(c)

44. (a) Gamma

(b) Beta

45. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Thinking Critically

46. In a non-metal atom, there are typically more than four valence electrons. In a metal atom, there are typically fewer than four valence electrons. (Note that for metals, this is more often the case for the main block elements than for the transition metals.)

47. (a) Accept all logical responses. For example, potassium forms a 1+ ion while fluorine forms a 1– ion. The formula given would not be electrically neutral, which makes the formula incorrect.

(b) Calcium forms a 2+ ion while bromine forms a 1– ion. The formula given would not be electrically neutral, which makes the formula incorrect.

(c) Lithium forms a 1– ion while sulphate is a polyatomic ion with a charge of 2–. The formula given would not be electrically neutral, which makes the formula incorrect.

48. Magnesium reacts to form solid magnesium oxide, which contains all the original magnesium plus additional mass from the oxygen. Wood burns to form mostly gaseous products such as CO2 and H2O, which escape, decreasing the mass of the remaining ash.

49. When stuck with a hammer, the ions shift their position so that ions with like charges are adjacent all along the fracture plane. This causes the entire plane to break away, leaving a flat surface on both sides of the fracture.

Developing Skills

50. (a) Synthesis, 4Cr + 3O2 à 2Cr2O3

(b) Single replacement, Cu + 2AgNO3 à Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

(d) Combustion, 2C2H6 + 7O2 à 4CO2 + 6H2O

(e) Decomposition, 2NaCl à 2Na + Cl2

(f) Neutralization, HCl + NaOH à NaCl + H2O (balanced)

51. (a) Oxide ion, O2–

(b) Neon atom, Ne

Applying Your Understanding

52. B

53. C

54. C

55. A

56. B

57. A

58. D

59. D

60. A

61. D

62. B

63. C