21 Chapter 16: Transformations in Europe, 1500-1750
Countries Where Influence was Greatest / Relation with Government / Views on Government / Basic Tenets / MethodsRoman Catholics / Italy – influence greatest
Spain- religious uniformity; Jesuit society
France-defended catholicism
Ireland
Poland
Austria
Hungary / -Used religion as a way to gain authority
-Use of indulgence: raised funds
- “doing certain things” controlled citizen/believers using salvation
- the church had huge influence over the government
- government relied on the church and church relied on government / Papacy tried to control kings
Spain King Philip II suppressed Protestants
France Bourbon*(18) King Supportive of Catholic church
King Henry VIII originally Catholic
Supportive of royalty
Sometimes tug of war
*Church middleman between Earth and Heaven
*Advised kings to suppress Protestant bc opposed power / Belief in a single church
Bible and its interpretation
Salvation through justification and faith
Social teachings
Jesus was their messiah
7 sacraments
Misuse of power / Larger donations, tax receipts- construction projects to show wealth, power of church Renaissance art
Took advantage over authority to issue indulgences (for donations, etc.)
Religion as excuse to conquer
Catholic Reformation-reestablish power of papacy, reformers, Jesuits
Witch hunts as scapegoat-non practitioners
Establishment of schools, charity
Martin Luther/ Lutheranism / Germany/ that general area
Scandinavia, NE Europe
Peasants and printing press people
Away from center of church / -Martin Luther believed religion and govt were tied and interchangeable
-Govt was corrupt because the catholic church was corrupted; corruption in higher levels of church
-two kingdoms doctrine: god rules the world through left handed secular govt and right handed spiritual kingdom
-Seen as an enemy and a threat by the govt because of what he be preaching / Blatant disapproval of indulgences
Rejected the emphasis of giving money more than sins
Rejected the Pope’s authority
Would want the government to be more secular (separation between church and the state)
Advocated for German princes to have more of a say in gov’t and fight for right of religious freedom / Traditonal medieval theology
Humnan faith=salvation
Simplified rituals- kept some of basic practices of catholism
Marriage acceptable even if member of clergy
Rejected authority of the pope
Believed that the bible is the sole thing that you should base your belief on
Simplified version of religoin / Challenged the selling of indulgences
Argued w/pope about indulgences
Printing press to spread his ideas
95 Theses- wrong doings of church
Language, the location
Gained popularity w/german princes
Translated bible into different languages
Easier for ppl. To understand in their own language
John Calvin/ Calvinism / German principalities
Scotland
France (Huegenots)
England / HRE = bad
Catholic princ. = bad
Protestant princ. = good / Had own governing for church,
elected own governing communities,
did not agree with the ornateness of govt.,
didn’t like combination of church and state
wanted simplicity / 1509-1564
Inspired by Martin Luther
Became a protestant leader after a religious conversion
Calvinism is aka reformed faith
Simple dress, life and worship
*Differed from catholism and lutherism because they believed that their life and salvation was predestined and they went farther than lutherism to
Henry VIII / Great Britain:
England+Scotland+Ireland
Wales+Cornwall
Spain: divorce of Queen Catharine of Aragon = political conflict
Height of conflict during period of Elizabeth I in 1565 / Good relations with Parliament, elect him asb head of church
Supported papacy, breaks with papacy
Violent temper
Executes best friend
Devout catholic
Henry 7 wants marry Catherine- money (initially happy marriage) / Initially a strong defender of the papacy against Lutheran criticism,
Due to “divorce” issue, begins to separate from Catholicism
Enacts the Active Supremacy which formally separates GB from Catholic church
Takes over monasteries and convents, sell lands for cash
Absolute monarch/Enlightened Despot
Worked with Parliament / Henry first supported the church
Catholic
Anglican Church created
Henry becomes head of the church
Anglican Church similar to Catholicism
-Christian religion,
Organized Religion with clergy
-Followers of the church
*Henry’s religion pits catholic against protestant
Cause monarchs to fight. / Goes to Pope but refuses
Breaks away from Catholic Church
Creates Church of England
Archbishop of Canterbury grants divorce
Act of Supremacy
*To repay allies in quest for divorce, grants them land and cash from sold church lands AND takes remaining cash for navy
Puritans / Wanted to free church from the British government
Wanted to abolish the hierarchy (didn’t like priests, bishops) in both government and church
Thought government was too powerful so tried to limit effects on them / -purify/simplify the religion
-humans existed to glorify God
-fines for not attending worships
-flogging for falling asleep in church
-marks of the devil / Since they wished to purify the church of England they were discriminated in England
Emigrated from England to Massachussets to escape religious discrimination
Fines for not attending the worships
Flogging for falling asleep during church services
Chart 16.1
RELIGIOUS CONCERNS