DETAILED CONTENTS
Preface
Part 1: Introductory Concepts
1: Argumentation
What Is Argumentation?
Two Senses of Argument
Argument and Non-Argument
Logic, Reasoning, and Argumentation
Argumentation and Rhetoric
Purpose of Argumentation
Specialized Argumentation
Reasons to Study Argumentation
2: Critical Thinking
What Is Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking Skills
Categorization of College-Level Critical Thinking Skills
Other Thoughts about Critical Thinking
3: Ethics in Argumentation
Brockriede’s Three Types of Arguer
Ethical Argumentation in Public Decision Making
Ethical Argument and Interpersonal Communication
Ethical Argumentation As an Educational Exercise
A General Ethical Standard
Analyzing the Ethics of Arguments
Introduction to Argumentative Fallacies
Background of Fallacies
Formal and Informal Fallacies
The Non Sequitur Fallacy
Examining Arguments for Fallacies
Dangers of Studying Fallacies
Part 2: Creating Arguments
5: Formal Logic: The Classical Structure of Arguments
Syllogisms and Enthymemes
Material Truth and Formal Validity
Types of Syllogisms
Using Classical Structure to Analyze Arguments
Informal Fallacies Associated with Classical Structure
Validity Practice
6: The Toulmin Model Of Argumentation
Elements of the Toulmin Model
Fields of Argument
Using the Toulmin Model to Make Arguments
Using the Toulmin Model to Analyze Arguments
7: Forms of Reasoning
Reasoning by Example
Reasoning by Analogy
Causal Reasoning
Sign Reasoning
Reasoning by Criteria
Analyzing Reasoning
Using Reasoning
Fallacies Associated with Forms of Reasoning
8: Propositions and Stock Issues
Basic Responsibilities of Advocates
Proposition of Fact
Proposition of Value
Proposition of Policy
Argument Fields
Evaluating Arguments Using Stock Issues
Fallacies Associated with Types of Arguments and Stock Issues
9: Evidence
Forms of Evidence
Classifications of Evidence
Tests of Evidence
Perella’s Hierarchy of Evidence
Using Evidence
Analyzing Evidence
Fallacies Associated with Evidence
10: Language and Argumentation
Characteristics of Language
Questionable Language Use
Suggested Language Use
Fallacies Associated with Language
11: Refutation
Direct Refutation
Indirect Refutation
Doing Refutation
Analyzing Refutation
Fallacies Associated with Refutation
Part 3: Contexts and Applications
12: Persuasive Public Speaking
What Is Persuasive Public Speaking?
Elements of Public Speaking
Suggestions for Speakers
Suggestions for the Audience
13: Critical Listening
Listening
The Listening Process
Types of Listening
Critical Listening
Barriers to Listening
Improving Listening
Active Listening
Listening and Reading
14: Dyadic Argumentation
What Is Dyadic Argumentation?
Purposes of Dyadic Argumentation
Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggressiveness
Supportive and Threatening Communication
Managing Relations and Argumentation
15: Argumentation and Small Groups
Small Groups versus Dyads
Benefits of Small Group Decision Making
Disadvantages of Group Decision Making
Small Group Discussion Techniques
Participating in Groups
16: The Scientific Method and Critical Thinking
Principles of the Scientific Method
Procedures of the Scientific Method
Hypothesis versus Theory
Opposition to the Scientific Method
Appendix A: Secretary of State Colin Powell’s Speech to the United Nations Security Council
Glossary of Common Informal Fallacies
Glossary of Key Concepts
Sources