BIOLOGY AB FINAL EXAM MRS. CHTEINE STUDY GUIDE

Cell biology

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells. Structural difference of virus and bacteria.
Cell structure, organelles and their functions.
Difference between plant and animal cell
Membrane structure and function
DNA and RNA structure. Base pairing rule
Steps of protein synthesis. Sequence, when, where, what,
Building blocks of proteins, nucleic acids.
How do proteins differ?
Photosynthesis vs cellular respiration: what, when, where
Cell division: 2 types of cell division, which cells undergo each process.
What types of cells and how many cells are formed in the end of each process?
Name 3 processes that ensure genetic variation.

Genetics

Inheritance laws: dominant, recessive alleles, homo-heterozygous organisms.
How to predict possible outcome of offsprings using Punnett square
What is mutation? Are mutations harmful or not? Explain. What are mutations responsible for?

Ecology

Definition of ecology
Levels of organization: definition of each level
Autotrophs and heterotrophs/ consumers or producers?
Biotic vs abiotic factors
Populations properties, models of population growth, carrying capacity.
What do species compete for
Biogeochemical cycles: water, CO2; O2; which processes in plants and animals are responsible for cycling of these chemicals.
Trophic levels, flow of energy, interdependence of all levels. Food web
Producers are ______
Consumers are ______Primary consumers______
secondary consumers ______
Definition of species: Which organisms belong to the same species?
Small populations vs large populations. Which are better adapted? Explain

Evolution

Definition of fossils. Relative vs absolute age of fossils
Natural selection and its mechanisms. Genotype or phenotype?
Mutation and adaptation (Do organisms develop advantageous traits or do they inherit them???)
What is acquired trait? Can it be passed on to the next generation? Explain your answer
What does it mean to be well adapted?
What genetic is variation and why is it important?
Darwin’s theory of origin of species. What evidences support the theory?
Homologous structures: what do they show??
Types of evolution: convergent, divergent, co-evolution

Human physiology

Levels of organization in living things:
Types of tissues, examples, function
Body cavities and which organs are located in each cavity
Organ systems and their functions
Nervous system: structure of the neuron, order of impulse transmitting, which structures are responsible, in what direction does impulse travel …
Reflex arc; Reflex vs learned response
Central and peripheral nervous system. (the table :structure of the nervous system)
Digestive: organs and their location
Respiratory: structure, function
Immune system: Function

Scientific method

Steps of scientific method. Difference between A hypothesis and a theory.