Level 3 Final Exam Review Sheet2014

Level 3 Final Exam Review Sheet2014

Evolution – Part II

1. What is one example of a vestigial structure? ______

2. When organisms evolve together because of their relationship with one another, such as insects and the plants they pollinate, we refer to it as ______.

3. Parts that are similar in structure because they have developed from similar tissue during development, such as the human arm, whale fin, lion leg, and frog leg are referred to as

______structures.

4. ______are remnants of an organism after it has died, such as bones, teeth, or imprints in rock.

For questions 5-7, select from the following options:

Natural selectionMate choiceMigration

MutationGenetic drift

5. Female marine iguanas pick out small males in order to keep the small size gene in the population in case of an El Nino year when less food is available. This is an example of

______.

6. A change in the DNA code causes there to be white rabbits along with brown and gray rabbits in a population. This is an example of ______.

7. A spotted seal accidentally swims off course and ends up in an area where all of the seals are solid gray in color. This is an example of ______.

8. Cytochrome c is a protein that is involved in cellular respiration in all eukaryotic organisms. Human cytochrome c contains 104 amino acids. The following table compares cytochrome c from a number of other organisms with human cytochrome c.

Organism / Number of cytochrome c amino acids different from humans
Chimpanzees / 0
Chickens / 18
Dogs / 13
Rattlesnakes / 20
Rhesus monkeys / 1
Yeasts / 56

Based on the above information, which organism is most closely related to humans?

Chapter 32 - Human Evolution

For questions 9-12, select from the following hominins (some may be used more than once, others may not be used at all):

AustralopithecusHomo erectusHomo sapiens

AridpithecusHomo habilusHomo ergaster

Neanderthals

9. Who was the first to have all of the fully bipedal features? ______

10. Who did not have a sagittal crest or brow ridge? ______

11. Who was probably a vegetarian? ______

12. Who was the first tool maker? ______

13. What is bipedalism?

14. Describe how the pelvis, spine, and big toe are adapted for bipedalism.

15. What is the relationship between humans and chimpanzees?

Chapter 7 – Cell structure

16. Which type of microscope did we use in class? ______

1. This is the measurement of the amount a microscope can enlarge an image. ______

Matching. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote: For numbers 18-22 use the following answer options:

A = Prokaryotes only

B = Eukaryotes only

C = Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

18. Contains a cell membrane

19. Contains a nucleus

20. Contains mitochondria

21. A bacteria is an example

22. Onion root cells are an example

23. The ______determines what enters and leaves the cell.

24. The control center of the cell is the ______.

25. What organelle is the site of protein synthesis? ______

26. Organisms that move require a lot of energy. Where in the cell is energy made? ______

Matching. Plant cells vs. Animal cells: For the numbers 27-31, use the following answer options:

A = Plant cells only

B = Animal cells only

C = Both plant cells and animal cells

27. Contains centrioles

28. Contains chloroplasts

29. Contains ribosomes

30. Contains many small vacuoles

31. Contains a cell wall

Use the diagram above for questions 32-35.

32. In the diagram of the cell above, what is structure #3? ______

33. In the diagram of the cell above, what is structure #1? ______

34. In the diagram of the cell above, what is structure #10? ______

35. In the diagram of the cell above, what is structure #8? ______

Chapter 8 – Cells and their environment

36. If someone spills perfume in the front of the room, people in the back of the room can soon smell it. This is an example of ______.

37. When a cell uses energy to transport a particle through the cell membrane to an area of higher concentration, the cell is using ______transport.

38. The plasma membrane is said to be ______, meaning that it allows certain substances to pass through but blocks out others.

39. If the concentration of water is lower outside the cell than inside the cell, which of the following will happen by osmosis? (water will enter cell/water will leave cell)

40. The diffusion of water is referred to as ______.

41. During diffusion, molecules tend to move from an area of ______concentration to an area of ______concentration.

42. Materials move in the manner described in number 41 until a state of ______is reached.

43. Molecules that are too large to be moved through the cell membrane can be transported into the cell by ______found embedded within the cell membrane.

44. Look at the diagram to the right. Water molecules are shown by circles. Salt molecules are shown by squares. Draw an arrow to indicate the direction water molecules will move.

For numbers 45-47, refer to the figure below which shows transport through the cell membrane.

45. The structure labeled A is a ______.

46. The area labeled ______has the greatest concentration of ions in solution.

47. The interior of the pore, labeled B, enables substances to pass through the cell membrane without coming into contact with (nonpolar tails/nonpolar heads).

Chapters 3 and 9 – Enzymes and CellularRespiration

48. Which phase of cellular respiration does not take place in the mitochondria? ______

49. In cellular respiration, the production of ATP relies on the diffusion of (hydrogen/oxygen)ions across the mitochondrial membrane.

50. Which phase in the process of cellular respiration does NOT produce ATP? ______

51. Which phase of aerobic cellular respiration can still occur when little or no oxygen is present? ______

52. What process follows the answer to question 65when no oxygen is present? ______

53. Cellular respiration occurs in what kinds of organisms? ______

54. Your muscle cells use fermentation when you run out of ______gas.

55. NADH and FADH2 from the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) enter the ______chain to produce ATP.

56. Which phase of aerobic respiration results in the production of the most ATP? ______

57. Where does the electron transport system take place? ______

58. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and glucose and gives off ______and ______.

59. Enzyme names usually end in what 3 letters? ______

60. This is the substance acted on by an enzyme. ______

61. Enzymes catalyze reactions by ______the activation energy of the reaction.

62. The enzyme reacts with the reactant when the reactant attaches to a special region on the enzyme called the ______.

63. Look at the graph below. What is the optimum pH for the enzyme trypsin?

Chapter 9 - Photosynthesis

64. ______are organisms that carry out photosynthesis.

65. The color of an object is determined by the wavelength of light that is ______.

66. Leaves turn red, orange, and yellow in the fall becausecolder temperatures cause the pigment ______to break down.

67. Photosynthesis takes place in what organelle? ______

68. Where does the light-dependent reaction take place? ______

69. The light-dependent reaction includes how many different photosystems? ______

70. The light-independent reaction is also known as the ______cycle.

71. ______are examples of producers.

72. Photosynthesis uses water, carbon dioxide and sunlight and gives off ______and ______.

73. This photosynthetic pigment gives leaves their green color in the spring and summer: ______.

74. This is the energy currency of cellsgenerated by photosynthesis and cellular respiration. ______

75. ______requires oxygen, while ______does not.

76. What gas is taken up from the atmosphere during the final stage of photosynthesis? ______

77. In graph A,what happens to the rate of photosynthesis as light intensity increases?

78. In graph B, what happens to the rate of photosynthesis as the temperature increases?

Frogs and earthworms

79. For each digestive structure below, identify what the structure is used for.

1. Liver
2. Gall bladder
3. Pancreas
4. Small intestine
5. Large intestine
6. Esophagus
7. Stomach

80. Name three ways that frogs are protected from predators.

81. What changes take place as a tadpole turns into an adult frog?

82. What is the path that food takes in the digestive system of the frog?

83. True or false:

a. Ribs protect frogs’ internal organs

b. The tongue attaches at the front of the mouth

c. They absorb water through their skin

d. Frogs eat meat

84. What is the gizzard used for in earthworms?

85. How do earthworms breathe?

86. What digests food in the earthworm?

87. What does it mean to say that the earthworm has a closed circulatory system?

Ecology

88. The ______components of an ecosystem include the populations of plants and animals.

89. ______are organisms who make food for themselves through the process of photosynthesis.

90. ______are animals that eat plants only.

91. ______are animals that eat other animals only.

92. ______are organisms that break down dead, organic waste for food.

93. Give an example of an abiotic factor. ______

94. Energy flow in an ecosystem begins with the ______.

95. A bird eats a caterpillar, which eats leaves. The bird would be an example of a ______consumer.

Use the diagram below for questions 96-98.

96. The figure above is an example of a food ______.

97. ______would be an example of a producer in the above diagram.

98. How would you classify the leopard seal in the diagram above?