ESMs
Table S1 Carcass persistence model parameters and road mortality rates derived from each model (all models P< 0.01). Exp: number of the experiment. Model: L-linear model; E-negative exponential. Total roadkills: estimated total number of roadkills. Road mortality: estimated road mortality rate for the two carriageways.mean estimated persistence time (days)50: time (days) for 50% of carcasses to disappear.
Exp / Model / Parameter (a±SE) / R2 / Total roadkills / Road mortality(km-1 year-1) /
days / T50
days
1 / L / 8.47±0.82 / 0.74 / 471.9 / 236.0 / 5.91 / 5.91
E / 0.13±0.01 / 0.94 / 372.4 / 186.2 / 7.48 / 5.29
2 / L / 7.23±1.07 / 0.74 / 403.2 / 201.6 / 6.91 / 6.91
E / 0.13±0.71 / 0.71 / 362.0 / 181.0 / 7.70 / 5.46
3 / L / 9.95±1.20 / 0.87 / 554.7 / 277.3 / 5.02 / 5.02
E / 0.15±0.01 / 0.97 / 406.9 / 203.5 / 6.85 / 4.75
Table S2 General features of the reviewed literature that provides small mammal mortality data. Habitat: main habitat features of the surrounding landscape.ADTRange: average daily traffic range reported for the road. N surveys: total number of surveys performed. Taxa: taxa included within the small mammal roadkills reported.
Reference / Habitat / ADTRange (vehicles day-1) / Study period / Length of road(km) / N surveys / Taxa
Ashley and Robinson (1996) / Wetlands / – / Jun79–Oct79;Apr80,92,93–Oct80,92,93 / 3.6 / 132* / Blarina, Condylura, Tamasciurus, Sciurus, Tamias, Zapus, Peromyscus, Mus, Microtus
Attademo et al. (2011) / Wetlands, fluvial forest, urban settlements / 2208–9000 / Oct07–Aug08 / 6 / 36 / Rodentia, Muridae
Barthelmess and Brooks (2010) / Forest, open wetlands, mixed hardwood, agriculture / – / Mar07–May08 / 72.6+65.2+68.5 / 103 / Peromyscus, Microtus, Rattus.
Borkovcová et al. (2012) / Built-up area, meadow, field, forest / – / Jun10–May11 / – / 12* / Sciurus, Sorex, Rattus, Cricetus,Talpa, Microtus
Brockie et al. (2009) / Open sheep and cattle grazing land, arable land, pine plantations, tussock land, orchard
and cropland, small towns and their suburbs / 220–18000 / Feb 84, 94, 05 / 1660 / 3 / Rattus
Caro et al. (2000) / Oak woodland, old orchard, young orchard, arable, livestock, housing. / – / Jul 97-Aug 99 / 14.2 + 12.9 + 12.8 / Rattus
Carvalho and Mira (2011) / Mediterranean agrosylvopastoral systems, pasturelands, meadows, extensive agriculture and olive groves / 2965–6950 / Jan96–Dic96;Jan05–Dic05 / 26 / 52 / Talpa, Rattus, Mus, Microtus,Crocidura, Apodemus, Muridae
Clevenger et al. (2003) / Forest, forest-open mix, water / 1068–35000 / Sep97–Aug00 / 110 + 62 / 554 / Peromyscus, Microtus, Clethrionomys, Zapus, Eutamias
Coelho et al. (2008) / Atlantic forest / 2671–9028 / Jan03–Jan04 / 95+100 / 13* / Rodentia, Holochilus,Oligorizomys, Nectomys
Collinson et al. (2004) / Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area) / – / Mar 12 / 100 / 40 / Cryptomys, Paraxerus, Acomys, Mastomys, Aethomy, Otomys, Tatera, Rattus, Crocidura
Dodd et al. (2004) / Prairie-marsh / > 11000 / Mar01–Mar02 / 3.2 / 152 / Sigmodon, Peromyscus,Oryzomys, Blarina
Garriga et al.(2012) / Different protected areas / 126–10466 / Apr 02–Nov 02 / 820 / 6 / Apodemus, Rattus, Mus, Crocidura, Sorex, Talpa, Sciurus, Rodent
González et al. (2013) / Shrubland, grasslands / 62.98–65.97 / Jun10–Mar11 / 14 / 34 / Dipodomys, Liomys, Microtus, Neotoma, Perognathus, Peromyscus, Mouse, Rattus, Sigmodon, Reithrodontomys, Xerospermophilus
Gryz and Krauze (2008) / Meadows, flooded pastures, open marshland / 336–840 / Aug04–Jul06 / 2.51 / 51 / Rodentia unindentified, Microtus, Apodemus, Sorex, Talpa
Haigh (2012) / Pasture, residential, scrub / 10152–33517 / Apr08–Nov10 / 259.5 / 512 / Rodents
Hell et al. (2005) / Open, intensively cultivated agricultural landscape / 328–18400 / Sep 00–Dec 02 / 7 + 10 + 12 + 3 / 709 / Microtus, Mus, Rattus, Sorex,Talpa
Lodé (2000) / – / 19320 / Apr 95–Nov95 / 68.2 / 33 / Rodentia (Apodemus, Microtus, Clethrionomys)
Orlowski and Nowak (2006) / Arable land-agricultural landscapes / 350–10500 / Jun01–Aug03 / 48.8 / 133* / Sorex, Neomys, Crocidura, unidentified small insectivores, Talpa, Microtus, Apodemus, Mus, Clethrionomys, unidentified small rodents, Rattus norvegicus
Oxley et al. (1974) / Cultivated fields, woodlots, pastures, marshes / 120–14400 / May72–Sep72 / 23.2+45+29.6 / 51 / Tamasciurus, Sciurus, Tamias
Santos et al. (2011) / Cork and/or holm oak trees with agrosylvopastoral use and agricultural areas / 1000–10000 / Dec04–Feb06 / 37 / 780* / Arvicolids, murids,soricids, talpids
Slater (2002) / – / 240–9522 / 1 year / 68 / 104 / Rattus, Sciurus
Smith and Dood (2003) / Prairie / – / Aug98–Aug99 / 3.2 / 105 / Sigmodon
Taylor and Goldingay (2004) / Open pasture, forest remnants, plantations / – / Jul00–Jan01 / 100.3 / 20 / Rodent
This study / Holm oak woodlands (Quercus ilex),open holm oak grazing woodlands, scrub and cereal crops / 6795–9528 / Dec09–Nov10 / 4 / 11 / Apodemus, Rattus, Mus
(*) Estimated from reported data.
Table S3 General features of the reviewed literature that reports carcass persistence data. Habiat: main habitat features of the surrounding landscape. ADTRange: average daily traffic range of the road during the study.
Reference / Habitat / ADTRange(vehicles day-1) / Period of the study / Length of road
(km) / Carcass type
Antworth et al. (2005) / Scrub, hummocks, coastal strand / – / 36 hour-period / 34 / Chickens, snakes
Boves and Belthoff (2012) / Disturbed shrub-steppe, grassland, irrigated agricultural land / 18000 / Dec05–Jul06 / 248 / Dead barn owls
Gerow et al. (2010) / SaguaroNational Park / 2200–7700 / Summer 99 / 3.5 / Carcasses (mainly amphibians)
Guinard et al. (2012) / Woodland, cultivated areas, wetland, farmland / 8000–35000 / 2006–2008 / 166 / Birds
Hubbard and Chalfoun (2012) / – / 24–506 / Jun10–Aug10 / *36–45 / Fish
Ratton et al. (2014) / Sumidouro State Park-Serra do CipóNational Park / 3120–6240 / – / 12 / Chickens
Santos et al. (2011) / Cork and/or holm oak trees with agro-silvopastoral use and agricultural areas (montado) / 1000–10000 / Dec04–Feb06 / 37 / Carcasses (undefined)
Slater (2002) / – / – / 1 year / 68 / Chickens, small rodents, toads, other road casualties
Taylor and Goldingay (2004) / Open pasture, forest remnants, plantations / – / Dec/Jan 00-01 / – / Birds and mammals
Teixeira et al. (2013) / AraucariaForest in a mosaic with grasslands,
AtlanticForest / 3108 / Jul09/Jun10 / 66 / Amphibian, reptile,
bird and mammal
This study / Holm oak (Quercus ilex) woodlands, open holm oak grazing woodlands, scrub and unirrigated cereal crops / 6795–9528 / Dec09–Nov10 / 4 / Wood mouse, house mouse, brown rat
(*) Estimated from reported data
Fig S1 Spatial aggregation of small mammal carcasses (N = 84) measured through the L statistic (Ripley's Kobs-Kexp,solid line) and 95% confidence limits (dotted lines). The black box marks the spatial range where significant spatial clustering was detected.