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BI 112Extra Credit VOCAB #1

Extra credit assignment

Instructions: read each line, if no instructions are provided for the line, then define each term or provide an example for each term. If instructions are provide, define each term and also follow the instructions for an additional procedure. All work must be typed and emailed to me by the due date (or turned in). It must be emailed to my pcc.edu account (it is on the syllabus), you must include “Bi 112 extra credit” on the subject line of the email,and it must be in one of these formats, aMS Word, a pdf, or an HTML document. All other formats will not be accepted. For 20 points.

Exploring Life

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

  1. Order
  2. Complex and organized
  3. Cells
  4. prokaryote
  5. eukaryote
  6. Regulation (Homeostasis)
  7. Growth and Development
  8. Metabolism
  9. Response to environment
  10. 5 human senses
  11. some other senses
  12. Reproduction
  13. Evolution
  14. Darwin’s theory of natural selection

BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

CLASSIFICATION

  1. Life
  2. Domain – know the three domains:
  3. Bacteria (Eubacteria)
  4. Archeabacteria (Archaea)
  5. Eukaryotes
  6. Kingdom – know the six kingdoms:
  7. Bacteria (Eubacteria)
  8. Archeabacteria (Archaea)
  9. Animals
  10. Plans
  11. Protista
  12. Fungi
  13. Phylum
  14. Class
  15. Order
  16. Family
  17. Genus
  18. Species

HEIRARCHY

  1. Biosphere
  2. Ecosystem/Biome
  3. Producer
  4. Consumer
  5. Decomposer
  6. Community
  7. Population
  8. Organism
  9. Organ System
  10. Organ
  11. Tissue
  12. Cell
  13. Organelle
  14. Molecule

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

  1. Discovery Science
  2. Hypothesis-based science
  3. Observation
  4. Question
  5. Hypothesis
  6. Prediction
  7. Test/experiment
  8. Experimental vs Control group
  9. Independent vs Dependent Variable
  10. Constants (Standardized variables)
  11. Replication of the test
  12. Scientific Theory (Theory of Evolution) vs. a theory in common usage

The Chemical Basis of Life

MATTER

  1. Element
  2. Compound
  3. Atom
  4. Nucleus
  5. Proton
  6. Neutron
  7. Electron
  8. Orbitals
  9. Shells
  10. full shells
  11. Atomic number
  12. Atomic mass (weight)
  13. Know the four most important elements for life (O, C, H, N):
  14. Isotope
  15. Two uses of isotopes: radioactive dating, tracer in medical tests
  16. Hazards of radioactive isotopes

BONDS

  1. Covalent Bond(single and double)
  2. nonpolar
  3. polar
  4. Ionic Bond
  5. Salts
  6. positive and negative ions
  7. Hydrogen Bond
  8. Polarity – what makes a molecule polar or non-polar?
  9. Electronegative (like oxygen)
  10. Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic

PROPERTIES OF WATER

  1. High specific heat/buffering capacity
  2. Cohesion
  3. Adhesion
  4. Surface tension
  5. Ice floats
  6. Universal solvent (dissolves many materials easily)
  7. Solvent
  8. Solute
  9. Solution

pH

  1. acid
  2. base
  3. neutral pH
  4. buffer

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

  1. Nothing is created or destroyed (the equation is balanced)
  2. Reactant
  3. products

The Molecules of Cells

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

  1. Hydrocarbons
  2. Functional Groups
  3. Hydroxyl Group
  4. Carbonyl
  5. Carboxyl
  6. Amino
  7. Phosphate
  8. Macromolecule
  9. Monomer
  10. Dimer/oligliomere
  11. Polymer
  12. Dehydration synthesis reaction
  13. Hydrolysis reaction

CARBOHYDRATES

  1. Monomer = monosaccharides or simple sugar
  2. Structure
  3. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
  4. (C1H2O1)n
  5. Functions
  6. Quick source of energy – glucose, starch
  7. Polarity (polar)

LIPIDS (FATS and related molecules)

  1. Monomer = glycerol + fatty acids
  2. Triglycerides
  3. Structure
  4. Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
  5. Saturated vs unsaturated
  6. Function – stores energy long-term
  7. Polarity (non-polar)
  8. Phospholipids
  9. Structure
  10. Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group
  11. Function – makes up cell membrane
  12. Polarity (phosphate = polar, fatty acids = non-polar)
  13. Waxes
  14. Steroids

PROTEINS (POLYPEPTIDES)

  1. Monomer = amino acid
  2. Structure
  3. STRUCTURE = FUNCTION
  4. Central carbon, amino group, carbonyl group
  5. Variable R group gives amino acids its properties
  6. Primary structure
  7. Secondary structure
  8. Tertiary structure
  9. Hydrogen bonds
  10. Ionic bonds
  11. Hydrophobic / hydrophilic interactions
  12. Disulfide bonds (covalent)
  13. Quaternary structure
  14. Denaturation
  15. Protein Functions:
  16. ENZYMES
  17. STRUCTURES
  18. Structural proteins
  19. Contractile proteins
  20. Immune system
  21. Transport
  22. Signaling
  23. Gene regulation
  24. Polarity of amino acids (determined by variable R group)

NUCLEIC ACIDS

  1. Monomer = nucleotides
  2. Structure
  3. Sugar,
  4. phosphate,
  5. nitrogenous base
  6. Adenine
  7. Thymine (Uracil in RNA)
  8. Cytosine
  9. Guanine
  10. Sugar – phosphate backbone (covalently bonded)
  11. Hydrogen bonds between bases
  12. A always bonds with T
  13. C always bonds with G
  14. Functions of nucleotides:
  1. Energy “currency” for the cell – ATP
  2. Stores genetic information – DNA / RNA
  1. Polarity (polar)

A Tour of the Cell

CELL INTRODUCTION

  1. Prokaryote vs Eukaryote (definitions and similarities, differences)
  2. Animal vs plant (similarities, differences)
  3. Components of The Cell Theory

PARTS OF THE CELL – define each of these parts, whether it is made of membrane, and what types of organisms it is found in (prokaryote vs animal vs plant), and be able to identify it on a picture of a cell.

  1. Cell membrane
  2. Cell wall
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. Nucleus, nuclear envelope, DNA
  5. Ribosome (free and attached)
  6. Endomembrane system
  7. Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
  8. Golgi apparatus
  9. Vesicle (transport vesicle and vacuole)
  10. Lysosome
  11. Central Vacuole
  12. Mitochondria
  13. Chloroplast
  14. Theory of Endosymbiosis

CHAPTER 5 – The Working Cell

ENERGY

  1. Kinetic Energy
  2. Potential Energy
  3. Chemical Energy
  4. Light Energy
  5. Laws of Thermodynamics
  6. First law
  7. Second law
  8. Metabolism
  9. Reactions
  10. Endergonic (define and give an example)
  11. Exergonic (define and give an example)
  12. Substrate/Reactant
  13. Product
  14. Coupled Reactions (endergonic + exergonic)
  15. ATP/ADP

ENZYMES

  1. Catalyst
  2. Substrate
  3. Activation Energy
  4. Active site
  5. Denature the enzyme
  6. How these things affect enzyme reaction rates:
  7. pH
  8. Temperature
  9. Salt

MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

  1. Phospholipid
  2. how does the structure of phospholipids cause cell membranes to form the way they do?
  3. hydrophilic heads
  4. hydrophobic tails
  5. Fluid Mosaic Model
  6. Can molecules float in the fluid membrane?
  7. Membrane proteins
  8. Adhesion Proteins
  9. Communication Proteins
  10. Recognition Proteins
  11. Receptor Proteins
  12. Passive Transport Proteins
  13. Active Transport Proteins
  14. Selectively permeability
  15. what is the membrane permeable to?
  16. Passive Transport
  17. diffusion
  18. Passive Transport Proteins
  19. osmosis
  20. hypotonic solution
  21. turgid plant cell
  22. hypertonic solution
  23. plasmolysis
  24. isotonic solution
  25. Active Transport
  26. anything against the concentration gradient (low to high concentration)
  27. Endocytosis
  28. Exocytosis