Appendix 1
Table A1.Information on study species: Species name, family, APG III taxonomic group, altitudinal range in the study area, phytogeography, growth form and leaf traits for each of the 84 studied species in a hedgehog heaths formation of the High Atlas, Morocco. Phytogeography (EC- Eurosiberian- and Circummediterranean, WM- Western Mediterranean, EHA- Endemic High Atlas, EIM- Endemic Iberomagrebian); Growth forms (T- Tree, S- Shrub, C- Cushion, E- Half-shrub, EL- Leafy herb, SS- Semi-basal herb, SB- Short basal herb, (s)- Presence of thorns or spines; Leaf habit (D- Deciduous, E- Evergreen); Leaf consistency (M- Malacophyll, Es- Sclerophyll, Ss- Semi-succulent); Leaf division (S- Simple, Co- Compound); Leaf margin (E- Entire, NE- Non-entire); Phyllotaxis (A- Alternate, O- Opposite, S- often Spirally); Hairiness (H- Haired, NH- Non-haired). Leaf size class Raunkaier-Orshan (Sub-Leptophyll- 0-10 mm2, Leptophyll- 10-25mm2, Nanophyll- 25-225mm2, Nano-Microphyll- 225-1225mm2, Microphyll- 1225-2025mm2). Plant height of 49 studied species is included.
1
Name of species / Altitudinal range (m) / Phyto-geography / GrowthForm / Leaf
Habit / Leaf
Consistency / Leaf
Division / Leaf Margin / Leaf
Phyllotaxis / Leaf
Hairiness / Leaf
Raunkaier
Classes / Leaf
Size
Mean
and SD (mm2) / Leaf length
Mean
and SD
(mm) / Leaf
width
Mean
and SD
(mm) / Ratio
Length/
Width
Mean
and SD / Leaf Phenology / Plant
Height
(cm)
(1) Coniferopsida
Cupressaceae
Juniperus
communis / 2650 / EC / T / E / Es / S / E / O / NH / Leptophyll / 20.63 ± 2.52 / 14.77 ±1 .41 / 2.41 ± 0.54 / 6.38 ± 1.44 / April/May / 180 ± 18.70
J. oxycedrus / 2100-2590 / EC / T / E / Es / S / E / O / NH / Leptophyll / 17.74 ± 2.62 / 16.61 ± 2.18 / 1.91 ± 0.45 / 9.17 ± 2.42 / April/May / 150 ± 12.90
(2) Angiosperms
(a) Eudicots
Berberidaceae
Berberis
hispanica / 2100-2600 / EC / S(s) / D / M / S / NE / A / NH / Nanophyll / 61.38 ± 13.21 / 16.72 ± 2.11 / 6.3 ± 0.82 / 2.68 ± 0.41 / April/Oct. / 80.20 ± 31.96
(b) Core Eudicots
Grossulariaceae
Ribes uva-crispa / 2070-2400 / EC / S(s) / D / M / S / NE / A / NH / Nanophyll / 145.76 ± 27.32 / 21.12 ± 2.93 / 15.43 ± 1.58 / 1.37 ± 0.15 / April/Oct. / 45.66 ± 4.34
Saxifragaceae
S. longifolia / 2700-2800 / EIM / SB / D / M / S / NE / S / H / Nano-microphyll / 285.36 ± 57.3 / 52.91 ± 5.05 / 11.18 ± 1.74 / 4.8 ± 0.62 / May/Aug. / -
Saxifagra pedemontana
subsp. demnatensis / 2870-2950 / EHA / SB / D / M / S / NE / S / H / Nanophyll / 53.188 ± 6.14 / 24.931 ± 1.81 / 9.1394 ± 1.34 / 2.76 ± 0.3 / May/Aug. / -
(c) Fabids
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia megalatlantica / 1880-2400 / EHA / E / D / M / S / E / A / NH / Nanophyll / 85.46 ± 16.13 / 26.31 ± 2.08 / 6.31 ± 0.96 / 4.25 ± 0.68 / May/Sep. / -
E. nicaeensis / 1700-2400 / EHA / E / D / M / S / E / A / NH / Nanophyll / 188.89 ± 23.49 / 34.33 ± 1.74 / 8.82 ± 0.92 / 3.93 ± 0.38 / April/Sep. / 23.2 ± 8.35
Fabaceae
Astragalus granatensis / 2000-2600 / EIM / C / D / M / Co / E / O / H / Sub-
leptophyll / 4.62 ± 1.1 / 5.37 ± 0.64 / 1.28 ± 0.9 / 4.26 ± 0.64 / May/Sep. / 13.8 ± 5.95
A. incanus / 2000-2400 / EHA / E / D / M / Co / E / O / H / Sub-
leptophyll / 4.05 ± 0.96 / 3.79 ± 0.8 / 1.63 ± 0.27 / 2.34 ± 0.35 / May/Sep. / 2 ± 0.29
Coronilla
minima / 1900-2500 / WM / S / D / M / Co / E / O / NH / Sub-
leptophyll / 6.54 ± 0.84 / 3.98 ± 0.39 / 2.38 ± 0.18 / 1.67 ± 0.16 / May/Sep. / -
Cytisus
balansae / 1800-2600 / WM / C / D / M / S / E / A / H / Sub-
leptophyll / 6.02 ± 1.41 / 5.20 ± 0.61 / 1.88 ± 0.42 / 2.89 ± 0.68 / May/Sep. / 36.72 ± 10.41
Erinacea
anthyllis / 2200-2600 / WM / C(s) / D / M / S / E / O / H / Leptophyll / 13.84 ± 2.10 / 7.90 ± 1.21 / 2.68 ± 0.26 / 2.97 ± 0.44 / June/July / 26.48 ± 10.86
Genista
scorpius / 1800-2400 / WM / S(s) / D / M / S / E / A / H / Sub-
leptophyll / 8.14 ± 1.76 / 4.42 ± 0.5 / 2.54 ± 0.57 / 1.83 ± 0.46 / April/Sep. / 55 ± 5
Ononis
atlantica / 1900-2460 / EHA / E / D / M / S / NE / A / H / Nanophyll / 64.29 ± 12.92 / 13.96 ± 1.18 / 9.48 ± 0.68 / 1.48 ± 0.12 / May/Aug. / -
O. cristata / 2200 / WM / E / D / M / Co / NE / A / H / Sub-
leptophyll / 4.51 ± 0.78 / 4.5 ± 0.4 / 1.62 ± 0.2 / 2.79 ± 0.20 / May/Aug. / -
Fagaceae
Quercus ilex / 1800-2600 / EC / T / E / Es / S / NE / A / NH / Nano-
microphyll / 326.02 ± 54.47 / 25.3 ± 2.58 / 19.83 ± 1.7 / 1.28 ± 0.09 / April/May / 108.57 ± 13.45
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus
alpina / 2300 / WM / T(s) / D / M / S / E / A / NH / Microphyll / 1329.4±253.34 / 60.35 ± 5.29 / 32.32 ± 3.46 / 1.88 ± 0.16 / April/Oct. / -
R. lycioides
subsp.atlantica / 2200-2600 / WM / S(s) / D / M / S / NE / A / NH / Nanophyll / 27.06 ± 3.91 / 14.45 ± 1.30 / 3.39 ± 0.43 / 4.32 ± 0.59 / April/Oct. / -
Rosaceae
Amelanchier
ovalis / 2650-2800 / EC / S / D / M / S / NE / A / H / Nano-microphyll / 304.15± 3 3.34 / 24.81 ± 2.37 / 17.28 ± 1.18 / 1.44 ± 0.1 / April/Oct. / -
Cotoneaster nummularia / 2200 / EC / S / D / M / S / E / A / H / Nano-microphyll / 290.01 ± 50.42 / 29.93 ± 2.72 / 16.85 ± 1.72 / 1.79 ± 0.26 / April/Oct. / 170 ± 6.32
Crataegus
orientalis / 2250-2300 / EC / S(s) / D / M / S / NE / A / H / Nanophyll / 119.5 ± 2 9.9 / 18.44 ± 2.72 / 12.67 ± 1.59 / 1.47 ± 0.2 / April/Oct. / 110 ± 6.45
Prunus
postrata / 2070-2800 / EC / S / D / M / S / NE / A / H / Nanophyll / 74.60 ± 12.11 / 14.03 ± 1.40 / 8.91 ± 1.02 / 1.59 ± 0.23 / April/Sep. / 28.9 ± 2.28
Rosa
sicula / 2100-2650 / WM / S(s) / D / M / Co / NE / A / NH / Leptophyll / 24.86 ± 4.48 / 7.44 ± 0.87 / 5.07 ± 0.43 / 1.46 ± 0.11 / April/Oct. / 29.2 ± 10.86
(d) Malvids
Brassicaceae
Alyssum
spinosum / 2070-3000 / WM / C / D / M / S / E / A / H / Nanophyll / 34.68 ± 9.57 / 18.41 ± 2.92 / 3.67 ± 0.72 / 5.1 ± 0.76 / May/Sep. / 36.48 ± 11.84
Biscutella
frutescens / 2650-2800 / EIM / SB / D / M / S / NE / A / H / Nano-
microphyll / 517.14 ± 95.37 / 61.11 ± 10.9 / 19.3 ± 1.87 / 3.17 ± 0.55 / May/Aug / -
Draba
hederifolia / 2700-2950 / EHA / EL / D / M / S / NE / O / NH / Nanophyll / 173.81 ± 56.31 / 44.67 ± 7.43 / 16.96 ± 2.69 / 2.65 ± 0.35 / May/Aug / -
Erucastrumleucanthum / 2100 / EIM / SB / D / M / S / NE / S / H / Nanophyll / 120.81 ± 25.75 / 36.7 ± 24.95 / 20.35 ± 30.59 / 2.55 ± 0.59 / April/Aug. / -
Erysimum gramineum / 2200-2400 / WM / SB / D / M / S / E / S / NH / Nanophyll / 60.37 ± 18,24 / 36.77 ± 3 / 4.77 ± 1.37 / 8.34 ± 2.63 / May/Aug. / -
Matthiola
scapifera / 2250-2800 / EIM / C / D / M / S / NE / S / H / Nanophyll / 120.01 ± 19,58 / 29.96 ± 3.77 / 8.46 ± 0.88 / 3.56 ± 0.46 / April/Oct. / -
Raffenaldiaprimuloides / 2650-2800 / EIM / EL / D / M / S / NE / S / NH / Nanophyll / 178.12 ± 34.86 / 42.54 ± 7.74 / 12.6 ± 2.72 / 3.55±1.06 / May/Aug. / -
Vellamairei / 2400 / EHA / C(s) / D / M / S / NE / A / H / Nanophyll / 87.34 ± 20 / 32.2 ± 4.31 / 7.82 ± 2.45 / 4.54 ± 1.53 / May/Sep. / 47.8 ± 13.85
Caryophyllaceae
Arenaria
armerina / 2460 / EHA / C / D / M / S / E / O / NH / Sub-leptophyll / 2.50 ± 0.46 / 3.21 ± 0.54 / 1.23 ± 0.13 / 2.64 ± 0.54 / May/Aug. / 2.36 ± 0.35
A. dyris / 2650-2950 / EHA / C / D / M / S / E / O / H / Nanophyll / 56.52 ± 11.59 / 15.33 ± 1.95 / 6.17 ± 0.83 / 2.5 ± 0.24 / May/Aug. / -
A.pugens / 2100-2800 / EIM / C / D / M / S / E / O / NH / Leptophyll / 15.884±3.094 / 22.25±1.417 / 3.324±1.343 / 7.84±3.36 / May/Sep. / 20.32 ± 5.22
Cerastiumgibraltaricum / 2540 / WM / EL / D / M / S / E / O / H / Nanophyll / 28,35 ± 4.45 / 14.87 ± 1.25 / 3.57 ± 0.51 / 2.25 ± 0.10 / May/Sep. / -
Dianthus
lusitanus / 2100 / EIM / SS / D / M / S / E / O / NH / Leptophyll / 24.98 ± 4.36 / 19.22 ± 2.64 / 4.27 ± 1.23 / 4.95 ± 1.93 / May/Aug. / -
Silene
mesatlantica / 2500-2950 / EHA / EL / D / M / S / E / O / H / Leptophyll / 18.8 ± 3.3 / 17.19 ± 1.7 / 4.03 ± 1.35 / 4.62 ± 1.23 / May/Aug. / -
Cistaceae
Fumana
ericoides / 1200-2000 / WM / E / D / M / S / E / A / NH / Leptophyll / 10.2 ± 2.02 / 12.78 ± 1.15 / 2.33 ± 0.6 / 5.84 ± 1.7 / April/Sep. / 6.7 ± 1.12
Helianthemun cinereum / 2100-2590 / WM / E / D / M / S / E / O / H / Leptophyll / 20.39 ± 4.26 / 7.11 ± 0.87 / 4.33 ± 0.55 / 1.65 ± 0.20 / May/Aug. / -
H. croceum / 2200-2500 / WM / E / D / M / S / E / O / H / Leptophyll / 18.79 ± 3.46 / 8.29 ± 0.92 / 3.51 ± 0.5 / 2.4 ± 0.33 / May/Aug. / 8 ± 1.29
H. pergamaceum / 2600 / EIM / E / D / M / S / E / O / H / Sub-
leptophyll / 8.63±1.54 / 11.33 ± 1.36 / 1.84 ± 0.46 / 6.48 ± 1.75 / May/Sep. / -
Thymelaeaceae
Daphne
laureola / 2400 / EC / S / E / M / S / E / A / NH / Nano-microphyll / 754.79±140.88 / 61.9 ± 14.32 / 20.45 ± 3.11 / 3.14 ± 0.97 / May/June / 88.9 ± 1.85
Sapindaceae
Acer monspessulanum / 2650-2800 / EC / T / D / M / S / NE / O / NH / Microphyll / 1743.45±467.6 / 95.03 ± 22.79 / 56.65± 13.13 / 1.69 ± 0.22 / Mars/Oct. / 160.14 ± 7.1
(e) Lamids
Lamiaceae
Lavandulatenuisecta / 2100 / EHA / E / D / M / S / NE / O / H / Nanophyll / 54.94 ± 12.8 / 15.73 ± 1.71 / 9.11 ± 1.03 / 1.74 ± 0.24 / April/Sep. / -
Marrubium
ayardii / 2070-2800 / EHA / E / D / M / S / NE / O / H / Nano-microphyll / 300.26 ± 77.46 / 25.47 ± 3.36 / 17.99 ± 2.3 / 1.43 ± 0.24 / April/Oct. / 16.5 ± 1.71
M. multibracteatum / 2400-2500 / WM / E / D / M / S / NE / O / H / Nanophyll / 134.72 ± 26.56 / 18.65 ± 2 / 13.04 ± 1.51 / 1.44 ± 0.17 / April/Oct. / 17.33 ± 1.73
Nepeta
amethystina / 800-2000 / WM / E / D / M / S / NE / O / H / Nano-microphyll / 234.32 ± 32.1 / 35.63 ± 5.87 / 14.41 ± 0.58 / 2.47 ± 0.38 / April/Aug. / 16 ± 2.16
Salvia
phlomoides / 2400 / WM / SB / D / M / S / E / O / H / Nano-microphyll / 505.07±141.74 / 67.00 ± 7.38 / 14.34 ± 2.70 / 4.78 ± 0.77 / May/Sep. / 17.7 ± 2.12
Satureja
acinos / 2600 / EC / EL / D / M / S / NE / O / H / Leptophyll / 14.77 ± 4.43 / 6.84 ± 1.13 / 3,57 ± 0,68 / 1.95 ± 0.26 / May/Aug. / 4.28 ± 0.68
Sideritis
incana / 2400 / EIM / E / D / M / S / NE / O / H / Leptophyll / 21.08 ± 3.17 / 16.15 ± 1.64 / 2.79 ± 0.67 / 6.2 ± 2.03 / May/Sep. / 3 ± 1.07
Scutellaria
orientalis / 1900-2000 / EC / EL / D / M / S / NE / O / H / Nanophyll / 46.9 ± 6.35 / 15.86 ± 1.72 / 8.05 ± 0.87 / 2 ± 0.36 / May/Aug. / 12.6 ± 1.57
Teucriumchamaedrys / 2100 / EC / E / D / M / S / NE / O / H / Nanophyll / 31.75 ± 4.73 / 12.50 ± 1.48 / 4.90 ± 0.46 / 2.56 ± 0.28 / May/Sep. / 4.27 ± 1.31
T. luteum / 2000-2300 / EHA / E / D / M / S / NE / O / H / Nanophyll / 38.71 ± 6.28 / 11.99 ± 1.22 / 4.89 ± 0.47 / 2.47 ± 0.29 / May/Oct. / 4.8 ± 1.49
T. musimonum / 2200-2950 / EHA / E / D / M / S / NE / O / H / Nanophyll / 47.17 ± 6.22 / 13.77 ± 0.83 / 8.07 ± 0.56 / 1.71 ± 0.15 / May/Sep. / 3.76 ± 1.44
Thymus
atlanticus / 2800 / WM / E / D / M / S / E / O / H / Leptophyll / 10.62 ± 2.73 / 6.33 ± 0,87 / 2.49 ± 0.32 / 2.56 ± 0.28 / April/Sep. / 4.42 ± 1.65
T. pallidus / 2100-2400 / EHA / E / D / M / S / E / O / H / Sub-leptophyll / 3.18 ± 0.49 / 5.33 ± 0.64 / 1.17 ± 0.23 / 4.67 ± 0.68 / May/Sep. / 8.41 ± 1.04
Oleaceae
Fraxinus
dimorpha / 2070-2100 / EC / T / D / M / Co / NE / O / NH / Nanophyll / 141.5 ± 23.36 / 20.15 ± 2.09 / 10.59 ± 1.08 / 1.92 ± 0.23 / April/Oct. / -
Globulariaceae
Globularia
liouvillei / 2650-2750 / EHA / C / D / M / S / E / S / NH / Nanophyll / 146.6 ± 46.54 / 29.18 ± 6.47 / 9.6 ± 1.57 / 3.08 ± 0.73 / May/Sep. / -
G. nainii / 1750-2200 / EHA / C / D / M / S / E / O / NH / Leptophyll / 15.9 ± 2.06 / 9.03 ± 0.92 / 2.74 ± 0.26 / 3.3 ± 0.34 / April/Sep. / 6.72 ± 2.37
Plantaginaceae
Plantago
coronopus / 2200-2500 / EC / C / D / M / S / NE / S / H / Nanophyll / 39.51 ± 10.44 / 26.45 ± 4.08 / 7.56 ± 2.25 / 3.74 ± 1.03 / May/Oct. / 2.29 ± 0.43
P. mauritanica / 2250 / EC / C / D / M / S / E / S / H / Nanophyll / 26.83 ± 3.96 / 17.95 ± 2.58 / 3.11 ± 0.89 / 6.09 ± 1.57 / April/Oct. / 2.57 ± 0.5
Scrophulariaceae
Digitalis
lutea / 2400 / WM / EL / D / M / S / E / A / NH / Nano-microphyll / 367.13±144.78 / 65.60 ± 19.57 / 11.27 ± 5.90 / 6.32 ± 1.61 / May/Aug. / 32.88 ± 7.07
Linaria
tristis / 2070-2950 / EIM / EL / D / M / S / E / A / NH / Leptophyll / 19.19 ± 4.37 / 12.19 ± 1.63 / 2.48 ± 0.42 / 4.97 ± 0.54 / May/Aug. / 9.33 ± 0.81
(f) Campanulids
Apiaceae
Bupleurumatlanticum / 2100-2400 / EHA / E / D / M / S / E / A / NH / Nanophyll / 40.79 ± 9.93 / 22.96 ± 4.53 / 4.29 ± 1.8 / 5.85 ± 1.47 / May/Sep. / 15 ± 3.10
B. frutiscescenssubsp.spinosum / 2070-2800 / EIM / C(s) / D / M / S / E / S / NH / Nanophyll / 34.83 ± 6.52 / 25.76 ± 3.84 / 4.27 ± 1.37 / 6.61 ± 2.28 / May/Oct. / 27.85 ± 4.88
Eryngium
bourgatii / 2100-2700 / EIM / SB(s) / D / M / S / NE / A / NH / Nano-microphyll / 1066.4±111.33 / 107.08 ± 18.12 / 52.46 ± 8.56 / 2.07 ± 0.37 / May/Sep. / 12.68 ± 6.38
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex aquifolium / 2000-2300 / EC / T / E / Es / S / E / A / NH / Microphyll / 1454.4 ± 78.41 / 70.09 ± 4.43 / 33.57 ± 2.9 / 2.11 ± 0.28 / April/May / 556 ± 10.25
Asteraceae
Anacyclus pyrethrum / 2400-2500 / EIM / EL / D / M / S / NE / A / NH / Nanophyll / 39.21 ± 15.15 / 12.14 ± 1.75 / 8.05 ± 1.29 / 1.52 ± 0.1 / May/July / -
Artemisia mesatlantica / 2070-2300 / EHA / E / D / Ss / S / NE / A / H / Leptophyll / 11.34 ± 3.47 / 10.89 ± 2.67 / 4.29 ± 1.54 / 2.8 ± 0.99 / May/Oct. / 33.6 ± 7.29
A. negrei / 2100-2600 / EHA / E / D / Ss / S / NE / A / H / Leptophyll / 41.23 ± 11.9 / 18.19 ± 2.4 / 11.92 ± 2.29 / 1.56 ± 0.25 / May/Oct. / -
Atractylisserratuloides / 2100-2300 / EC / EL / D / M / S / NE / A / H / Nanophyll / 38.82 ± 8.19 / 21.31 ± 1.78 / 6.79 ± 1.51 / 3.32 ± 0.97 / May/Sep. / -
Bellis
caerulescens / 2250-2550 / EHA / SB / D / M / S / E / S / H / Nanophyll / 157.13 ± 27.86 / 34.38 ± 6.21 / 13.44 ± 2.03 / 2.58 ± 0.38 / May/Aug. / -
Carduncellusatractyloides / 2100-2800 / EHA / SB / D / M / S / NE / S / H / Nanophyll / 118.56 ± 34.9 / 33.49 ± 2.33 / 14.53 ± 2.86 / 2.39 ± 0.49 / May/Sep. / 1.72 ± 0.48
C. pomelianus / 2250-2800 / WM / SB / D / M / S / NE / S / H / Nano-microphyll / 438.93 ± 45.83 / 54.85 ± 7.76 / 28.3 ± 5.02 / 1.99 ± 0.44 / May/Sep. / -
Catananchecaespitosa / 2400-2460 / EIM / SB / D / M / S / NE / S / H / Nanophyll / 29.56 ± 10.05 / 23.93 ± 6.67 / 5.68 ± 2.59 / 4.68 ± 1.54 / May/Sep. / -
Jurinea
humilis / 2370-2400 / WM / SB / D / M / S / NE / S / H / Nanophyll / 111.74 ± 17.46 / 31.51 ± 5.32 / 12.20 ± 3.24 / 2.75 ± 0.85 / May/Sep. / -
Lactuca
tenerrima / 2400-2460 / WM / EL / D / M / S / NE / A / NH / Nanophyll / 25.04 ± 11.40 / 24.15 ± 7.92 / 7.21 ± 4.14 / 4.13 ± 1.91 / May/Aug. / -
Ormenis
scariosa / 2100-2400 / EHA / E / D / M / S / NE / A / NH / Nanophyll / 38.81 ± 9.44 / 18.82 ± 2.29 / 5.25 ± 1.10 / 3.68 ± 0.56 / May/Oct. / 37 ± 4.79
Scorzonera
pygmaea / 2400-2700 / WM / SB / D / M / S / E / S / H / Nanophyll / 39.42 ± 11.14 / 26.60 ± 5.73 / 6.74 ± 2.28 / 4.45 ± 1.97 / May/Sep. / -
Campanulaceae
Campanula
mairei / 2580-2950 / EHA / EL / D / M / S / E / A / NH / Nanophyll / 135.63 ± 18.93 / 35.22 ± 29.42 / 21.54 ± 33.42 / 2.26 ± 0.74 / May/Aug. / -
Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera
arborea / 1850-2350 / WM / S / D / M / S / E / O / H / Nano-microphyll / 883.94 ± 71.34 / 41.38± 3.25 / 29.63 ± 0.88 / 1.4 ± 0.1 / May/Sep. / 154.16 ± 16.48
L. pyrenaica / 2800 / WM / S / D / M / S / E / O / NH / Nanophyll / 102.15 ± 18.5 / 22.59 ± 3.35 / 7.07 ± 0.75 / 3.22 ± 0.52 / May/Sep. / 109 ± 18.16
Viburnum
lantana / 2000-2200 / EC / S / D / M / S / NE / A / H / Microphyll / 1468.2±231.01 / 63.69 ± 6.29 / 35.08 ± 4.89 / 1.84 ± 0.26 / April/May / -
1