Name ___________________________________ Period __________
AP World History
Text work
Chapter 17, pages 383-394
1. The voyages of exploration, and the empires built by European conquerors and missionaries resulted in a ______________________________________________ in world affairs and a ____________________________________________ between world societies and civilizations.
2. What two factors cause a significant increase in contact between civilizations during the post-classical period?
A)
B)
3. Between _________________ and ____________________, various western European nations gained unprecedented mastery of the world’s oceans.
4. Prior to the 15th century, what two events spurred European interest in global trade?
A)
B)
5. Explain how eastern trade goods found their way to European markets.
6. Europeans entered into this era of growing contacts with the wider world with several disadvantages. They ______________________________________________ of the wider world. Many Europeans continued to believe that the ________________________________. Europe feared the growing strength of the _________________________________. Europe lacked the _________________________ for Asian goods. And European ships could not __________________________________________________________.
7. The _______________________________ were the first European people to explore the Atlantic Ocean and Americas. However, they quickly lost interest; because they encountered ___________________________________________________.
8. List the five technological improvements, of the 15th century, that aided European exploration.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
9. By the 15th century, the West began to forge a military advantage over all other civilizations of the world, an advantage it would retain into the _________________________________.
10. What three motivations drew Portugal’s rulers to global exploration?
A)
B)
C)
11. Portugal’s prince, ___________________________________, organized a series of expeditions along the African coast and also outward to islands such as the Azores.
12. What three things did Portuguese sailors bring back from Africa?
A)
B)
C)
13. __________________________________ rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1498 C.E. and eventually sailed to India.
14. Portuguese expeditions set up trading forts on the along the cost of Africa and India. Such trading colonies were ________________________________________ in east Africa, and _______________________________ in India. They also gained control of the islands of ______________________________________, which was the center of spice production; and, gained some missionary success in __________________________.
15. In 1492, the Italian navigator _________________________________, operating in the name of Spain, set sail for a western route to India.
16. ___________________________________________ gave the New World its name.
17. ___________________________________________ set sail westward in 1519. It was on the basis of this voyage, the first trip around the world, that Spain claimed the ________________ ________________________________, which it held until 1898.
18. Portugal emerged from this first round of exploration with coastal holdings in parts of ______________________________ and in the Indian port of _____________________, a lease on the Chinese port of _____________________________________, short-lived interest in trade with ____________________________, and a claim on ______________________________.
19. Spain emerged from this first round of exploration with control of the ________________ __________________________, various _______________________________________ ______________________________________________, and the bulk of South and central __________________________________, as well as _______________________________, and the _____________________________________________ of North America.
20. Later in the 16th century, the lead in exploration shifted to the nations of ___________ _______________________, _________________________________________, and ___________________________________________________________________.
21. What two reasons caused this shift in exploration leadership?
A)
B)
22. The British won a historic sea battle in 1588 C.E., when it routed a massive _________________________________________________.
23. ____________________________________________ in 1534 C.E., were the first northern Europeans to cross the Atlantic, reaching Canada, which they claimed.
24. ________________________________________ hoped to discover a northwest passage to spice-rich India, but ended up exploring the Hudson Bay.
25. The __________________________________, after winning their independence from Spain, quickly became a major competitor with Portugal in Southeast Asia.
26. The only area of Africa colonized by Europeans by to the mid-17th century was ________________________________ of Africa by the ________________________________ mainly to provide a relay station for its ships bound for the East Indies.
27. In order to facilitate colonization, settlement, and exploration, the British, French, and Dutch, all charted great ________________________________. These companies were given government _____________________________ of trade in the region designated, they were not rigorously _________________________ ______________________, and they were allowed to raise __________________ and ________________________________________ on their own.
28. The _________________________________ effectively ruled the island of Taiwan off the coast of China. And the ______________________________ ____________________ _____________________ played a similar role in India.
29. List the three major consequences brought by Europe’s maritime dominance.
A)
B)
C)
30. It is estimated that _________% to 80% of Native American populations died from smallpox and measles during the first 150 years of European contact.
31. China adopted ______________________ and _____________________ which were two crops that originated from the Americas.
32. In some cases new productive crops from the Americas, along with local agricultural improvements, trigged _______________________________ _______________________ ________________________________________ in the “old world.”
33. Western Europe’s dominates of oceanic shipping led to increased ____________ ____________________________________, and European ability to ________ _________________________________________________________________.
34. Who did the Spanish defeat at the battle of Lepanto?
35. Explain the significance of this Spanish victory.
36. Western Europe did not conquer inland territory of Africa and Asia. Explain the dominant trade technique in these areas.
37. Where direct control was not feasible, European influence led to the formation of special Western enclaves in existing cities like; ______________________________ in the Ottoman Empire, _____________________ and __________________________ in Russia, and _____________________________ in Japan.
38. Spain briefly dominated global trade; but, it lacked a good __________________ _________________________ and could not support a ____________________ _________________________________________________________________.
39. Define the doctrine of mercantilism.
40. Beyond western Europe lay the areas that played a dependent role in this new world economy. These areas produced _________________________________: like precious metals, and cash crops, and exchanged them for manufactured goods.
41. Parts of sub-Saharan Africa entered the new world economy mainly as suppliers of _____________________________________.
42. Because dependent economies relied on cheap production of unprocessed goods, there was a tendency to build a system of _____________________________ that would cost little.
43. Why didn’t Europeans utilize Native Americans for force labor?
44. Define the term mestizos.
45. Explain why East Asia (China) remained outside this new world economy.
46. Explain why world trade was a sideline in the Indian economy.
47. Explain why Russia also lay outside the world economic orbit until the 18th century.
48. Other than the slave-trading regions, ________________________ remained untouched by world trading patterns.
49. What were the two British intentions for passing tariffs against the import of cotton cloth made in India?
A)
B)
50. What was the primary export product of Eastern Europe to Western Europe?