You Would Probably Use More Connotative Words If You Wanted to Arouse an Emotional

Language

- Language helps shape our sense of reality by giving meaning to events.
-The denotative meaning of a word
- Connotative meaning

- You would probably use more connotative words if you wanted to arouse an emotional

response.
- Basic criterion for the effective use of language in public speaking include?

- Abstract/general language and Concrete/specific language: Be able identify the most general or

abstract and specific or concrete of several words.
-To use language vividly your textbook recommends that speakers employ imagery and rhythm.
- Know what a simile and metaphor are and be able to identify an example.
- Use repetition and parallelism to enhance the rhythm of your speeches.

Visual Aids

-An advantage of using a visual aid in a speech: it enhances the clarity of the speaker's message,

reduces the need for eye contact with the audience, help combat the speakers stage fright.
-When using color in a visual aid you should utilize color to highlight key points.
-When used as a visual aid photographs should be bigger than ordinary enlargements.
-The best kind of visual aid to summarize the steps of a process speech would probably be a chart.
- A line graph is best suited for showing changes in statistics over time or space.
- When presenting visual aids- don't use the chalkboard, don't pass out to the audience
- To present a visual aid effectively you need to explain it fully.

Informative Speaking

-Be able to identify an example of informative speaking.
- An informative speaker acts as a teacher.
-Be able to identify a specific purpose statement for the different types of informative speeches.
-Objects are tangible (black bears)
-Events (modern dance or a war)
-Process (bake a cake)
-Concept (Standpoint theory)
-Guidelines for effective informative speaking: relate the subject directly to the audience, don't be too

technical, personalize your ideas.
-Informative speeches about concepts are usually arranged in topical order.

Persuasive Speaking

- Persuasion is a psychological process in which listeners engage in a metal dialogue with the speaker.
- Three types of questions that give rise to persuasive speeches are questions of fact, value, and policy.
- Be able to identify a specific purpose statement for different types of persuasive speeches: fact, value,

policy
-Persuasive speeches on questions of fact are usually organized in topical order.
- Regardless of whether your aim is to encourage passive agreement or immediate action, you must deal

with three basic issues: need, plan, practicality

- Be able to identify which of the three basic issues is being addressed in an example of a

statement from a speech.
-The burden of proof always rests with the persuasive speaker advocating change.
-Monroe's Motivated Sequence is particularly useful for organizing persuasive speeches that seek

immediate action because it follows the process of human thinking.
-Using vivid imagery to help listeners see the benefits of the plan you are advocating is crucial to the

visualization step within Monroe's motivated sequence.
-Aristotle's terms ethos, pathos, & logos mean what in contemporary terms.
-Public speakers will usually be more persuasive when they: use specific evidence, use evidence from

credible sources, and use evidence that is new to the audience.
- When reasoning from specific instances in a persuasive speech, you should be especially careful to keep

from generalizing too hastily.
- Know and identify fallacies. For example: hasty generalization, red herring, either-or, ad hominem,

slippery slope, bandwagon
-Analogical reasoning: Know what it is, and be able to identify an example