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WEEK 7: Pharmacology Study Guide
1. Know the 2 primary types of analgesics.
2. Know which nervous system opioid analgesics act directly on.
3. Know the actions for non-narcotic (non-opioid analgesics) have?
4. Know where are opioids derived from. Opium
5. Tolerance and physical dependence is a consequence of opioids when used over long
periods of time.
6. Know the primary mechanism of action for non-opioid analgesics.
7. Know where pain receptors for opioid analgesics are located.
8. Know the action of opioid analgesics.
9. Know what non-narcotic analgesics are useful for.
10. Know examples of NSAIDs.
11. Know the actions of ketorolac:
Most NSAIDs inhibit the clotting of blood for only a few hours. Ketorolac (Toradol) is a very potent NSAID and is used for moderately severe acute pain that usually requires narcotics. Ketorolac causes ulcers more frequently than other NSAID. Therefore, it is not used for more than five days. Although NSAIDs have a similar mechanism of action, individuals who do not respond to one NSAID may respond to another.
12. Know what NSAIDs is abbreviated for.
13. What is the most widely known NSAID?
14. Know side effects of NSAIDS: gastrointestinal
15. Know the reversal for Opioid analgesics.
16. Know the following information about intravenous opioid analgesic agents:
Opioids can produce unconsciousness with a significant amount of side effects. Although opioids are rarely used to induce anesthesia, they are frequently used along with other agents such as intravenous non-opioid anesthetics or inhalational anesthetics. Opioids are used to relieve pain of patients before, during, or after surgery.
The following opioids have short onset and duration of action and are frequently used during general IV anesthesia:
Opioids commonly used in IV anesthesia include:
· Fentanyl (Sublimaze), and
Fentanyl (Sublimaze) derivatives such as:
· Alfentanil (Alfenta),
· Sufentanil (Sufenta) (not available in the UK),
· Remifentanil (Ultiva).
Order of potency of the opioids used in anesthesia.
Order of the onset of action.
Order of the duration of action for the opioids used in anesthesia
The following agents have longer onset and duration of action and are frequently used for post-operative pain relief:
-Buprenorphine
- Butorphanol
-Diamorphine, (diacetyl morphine, also known as heroin, not available in U.S.)
- Hydromorphone
- Levorphanol
-Meperidine, also called pethidine in the UK, New Zealand, Australia and other
countries
-Methadone
-Morphine
-Nalbuphine
- Oxycodone, (not available intravenously in U.S.)
- Oxymorphone
-Pentazocine