Ch. 18 – The Muslim World Expands 1300-1700
Section 1: The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
· Turks Move into Byzantium
o Turkish Warriors
§ Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine Empire
§ Many see themselves as ghazis – warriors who fight for Islam
o Osman Establishes a State
§ From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia
§ Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans
§ Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and cannons
§ Successors expand state through alliances and land buying
§ Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan – overlord
§ In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople
§ Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples
o Timur the Lame Halts Expansion
§ Timur the Lame – Tamerlane – rises to power in Central Asia
§ Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad
· Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion
o Murad II
§ Murad II begins expansion
o Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople
§ Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in 1453
§ Open city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilds
o Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities
§ In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson, comes to power
§ He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into North Africa
§ Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo; important Muslim cities
· Suleyman the Lawgiver
o A Great Ruler
§ Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from 1520 to 1566
o The Empire Reaches Its Limits
§ Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes (1522)
§ Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean
§ Turks take N. African coastline, control inland trade routes
§ Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna
§ By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the world
o Highly Structured Social Organization
§ Suleyman creates law code, reduces bureaucracy, simplifies taxation
§ Army uses devshirme – drafts boys from conquered lands
§ Trains 30,000 elite soldiers – janissaries – loyal only to the sultan
§ Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion
o Cultural Flowering
§ Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of arts, learning
§ Sinan, brilliant, architect, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman
· The Empire Declines Slowly
o Gradual Fall
§ Suleyman kills one son and exiles another
§ Third son inherits throne but rules weakly
§ Later sultans kill their brothers and leaver their sons uneducated
§ Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s eventual fall
Section 2: Cultural Blending
· Patterns of Cultural Blending
o Cultural Blending
§ Between 16th and 18th centuries a Shi’ite Muslim dynasty ruled Persia
§ Safavid Empire – Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to 18th centuries
o Causes of Cultural Blending
§ Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade, or religion
o Results of Cultural Blending
§ Changes can occur in language and religion
§ Types of government and methods of organization can change
§ Races and ethnic groups can blend
§ Arts and architecture from different cultures can be combined
· Case Study: The Safavid Empire
o The Safavids Build an Empire
§ Begins as religious order named for founder
§ Safavids concentrate on building powerful military
o Isma’il Conquers Persia
§ 14-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by 1451
§ Takes title of shah – king
§ Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis
§ Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire
· A Safavid Golden Age
o Abbas the Great
§ Shah Abbas – Abbas the Great – takes throne in 1587
o Reforms
§ Helps create a thriving Safavid culture
§ Reforms military and government; brings in Christian trade
o A New Capital
§ Esfahan – new capital – is one of world’s most beautiful cities
o Art Works
§ Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles
o Carpets
§ Carpet weaving becomes national industry
· Dynasty Declines Quickly
o The Safavid Empire Weakens
§ Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons
§ Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline
§ By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans
§ Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747
Section 3: The Mughal Empire in India
· Mongol Invaders
o Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India
· Conflict
o Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years
o In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords – Delhi Sultanate – forms
· Delhi Sultanate
o Sultans rule from Delhi between 13th and 16th centuries
o Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398
· Babur Founds an Empire
o Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at age 11
o Is dethroned and driven south into India
o Army conquers much of northern India, forming Mughal Empire
o Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur conquered
o Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan
· Babur’s Grandson
o Akbar – “Greatest One” – rules India from 1556 to 1605
· A Military Conqueror
o Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as officers
· A Liberal Ruler
o Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on non-Muslims
o Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high government office
o Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan; income grows
o Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims it when they die
· Blended Cultures
o Many cultures blend, mixing art, education, politics, and language
o New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge
· The Arts and Literature
o Book illustrations, called miniatures, flourish
o Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar’s rule
· Architecture
o New architectural style named for Akbar develops
· Jahangir and Nur Jahan
o Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur Jahan to control government
o Nur Jahan appoints her father prime minister
o Nur Jahan favors son Khursau over other sons
o Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs, nonviolent religious group
o Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred
· Shah Jahan
o Shah Jahan – Jahangir’s son and successor, marries Persian princess
o Assassinates all competitors for throne
o His wife dies while giving birth to her 14th child in 1631
o Taj Mahal – huge marble tomb Shah Jahan builds for his wife
o Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world
· The People Suffer
o People suffer paying for wars and monuments
o Shah Jahan’s third son – Aurangzeb – imprisons father and takes over
· Aurangzeb’s Reign
o Rules between 1658 and 1707; expand empire to its largest
o Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid of Hindus
o Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant
o Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more rebellion
· The Mughal Empire Crumbles
o Over 2 million people die of famine while Aurangzeb wages war
o Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into separate states
o Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland, France, Portugal
o European traders gain key ports
Section 2: Cultural Blending
· Patterns of Cultural Blending
o Cultural Blending
§ Between 16th and 18th centuries a ______Muslim dynasty ruled Persia
§ ______– Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to 18th centuries
o Causes of Cultural Blending
§ Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade, or religion
o Results of Cultural Blending
§ Changes can occur in ______and religion
§ Types of government and methods of organization can change
§ Races and ethnic groups can blend
§ Arts and architecture from different cultures can be combined
· Case Study: The Safavid Empire
o The Safavids Build an Empire
§ Begins as religious order named for founder
§ Safavids concentrate on building powerful ______
o Isma’il Conquers Persia
§ ______conquers ______by 1451
§ Takes title of ______– king
§ Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills ______
§ Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire
· A Safavid Golden Age
o Abbas the Great
§ ______– Abbas the Great – takes throne in ______
o Reforms
§ Helps create a thriving Safavid culture
§ Reforms military and government; brings in Christian trade
o A New Capital
§ ______– new capital – is one of world’s most beautiful cities
o Art Works
§ ______artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles
o Carpets
§ ______weaving becomes national industry
· Dynasty Declines Quickly
o The Safavid Empire Weakens
§ Abbas kills and blinds ______
§ ______, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline
§ By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans
§ Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747
Section 3: The Mughal Empire in India
· Mongol Invaders
o ______, or ______, invade northwestern ______
· Conflict
o Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years
o In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords – Delhi Sultanate – forms
· Delhi Sultanate
o ______rule from Delhi between 13th and 16th centuries
o ______destroys Delhi in 1398
· Babur Founds an Empire
o ______becomes king of small land in Central Asia at age _____
o Is dethroned and driven south into India
o Army conquers much of northern India, forming ______Empire
o Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur conquered
o Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan
· Babur’s Grandson
o ______– “______” – rules India from 1556 to 1605
· A Military Conqueror
o Akbar uses ______; names native Indians as officers
· A Liberal Ruler
o Akbar allows ______freedom and abolishes tax on non-Muslims
o Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high government office
o Hindu finance minister develops better ______; income grows
o Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims it when they ______
· Blended Cultures
o Many cultures blend, mixing art, education, politics, and language
o New languages like Hindi and ______emerge
· The Arts and Literature
o Book illustrations, called ______, flourish
o Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar’s rule
· Architecture
o New architectural style named for Akbar develops
· Jahangir and Nur Jahan
o Akbar’s son, ______, allows wife ______to control government
o Nur Jahan appoints her father prime minister
o Nur Jahan favors son ______over other sons
o Khusrau rebels, supported by ______, ______religious group
o Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred
· Shah Jahan
o ______– Jahangir’s son and successor, marries Persian princess
o Assassinates all competitors for throne
o His wife dies while giving birth to her 14th child in 1631
o ______– huge marble tomb Shah Jahan builds for his wife
o Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world
· The People Suffer
o People suffer paying for ______and monuments
o Shah Jahan’s third son – ______– imprisons father and takes over
· Aurangzeb’s Reign
o Rules between 1658 and 1707; expand empire to its largest
o Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid of ______
o Hindus rebel and ______
o Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more rebellion
· The Mughal Empire Crumbles
o Over _____ million people die of ______while Aurangzeb wages war
o ______becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into separate states
o Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland, France, Portugal
o European traders gain ______